HandWiki Test - User contributions [en]

Main Page

2026-06-24T07:12:59Z

WikiHarold: Clean HandWiki test main page markup

__NOTOC__
<div class="hw-home">
<div class="hw-home-identity">
<div class="hw-home-logo-mark" role="img" aria-label="HandWiki logo"></div>

== Wiki Encyclopedia of Knowledge ==
'''Donate'''
</div>

HandWiki is a wiki encyclopedia for collaborative editing of articles on computing, science, technology and general knowledge. Registered users can post and edit articles, books, manuals and tutorials. This test server is used to develop the HandWiki skin safely before anything is moved to the live website.

<div class="hw-home-grid">
<div class="hw-home-card">
=== News ===
* ''June 24, 2026:'' HandWiki skin test server opened.
* ''May 10, 2026:'' Supported by KMF.
* ''May 2, 2026:'' Added an Art portal.
</div>
<div class="hw-home-card">
=== Create and Share Knowledge ===
Build original articles, books, manuals and tutorials in a readable wiki format.

[[Special:CreateAccount|Create an account]]
</div>
<div class="hw-home-card">
=== Recent Pages ===
[[Special:RecentChanges|See recent changes]]

[[Special:AllPages|Browse all pages]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2026-06-24T07:01:50Z

WikiHarold: Clean HandWiki test main page content

__NOTOC__
{{Short description|HandWiki test front page}}
<div class="hw-home">
<div class="hw-home-identity">
<div class="hw-home-logo-mark" aria-label="HandWiki logo"></div>
<h2>Wiki Encyclopedia of Knowledge</h2>
<div><button disabled="disabled">Donate</button></div>
</div>

HandWiki is a wiki encyclopedia for collaborative editing of articles on computing, science, technology and general knowledge. Registered users can post and edit articles, books, manuals and tutorials. This test server is used to develop the HandWiki skin safely before anything is moved to the live website.

<div class="hw-home-grid">
<div class="hw-home-card">
<h3>News</h3>
* ''June 24, 2026:'' HandWiki skin test server opened.
* ''May 10, 2026:'' Supported by KMF.
* ''May 2, 2026:'' Added an Art portal.
</div>
<div class="hw-home-card">
<h3>Create and Share Knowledge</h3>
Build original articles, books, manuals and tutorials in a readable wiki format.

[[Special:CreateAccount|Create an account]]
</div>
<div class="hw-home-card">
<h3>Recent Pages</h3>
[[Special:RecentChanges|See recent changes]]

[[Special:AllPages|Browse all pages]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

Main Page

2026-06-24T06:59:18Z

WikiHarold: Set HandWiki test main page

{{Short description|HandWiki test front page}}
<div class="hw-home">
<div class="hw-home-identity">
<img src="/resources/assets/LogoHandwiki.svg" alt="HandWiki logo" />
<h2>Wiki Encyclopedia of Knowledge</h2>
<div><button disabled="disabled">Donate</button></div>
</div>

HandWiki is a wiki encyclopedia for collaborative editing of articles on computing, science, technology and general knowledge. Registered users can post and edit articles, books, manuals and tutorials. This test server is used to develop the HandWiki skin safely before anything is moved to the live website.

<div class="hw-home-grid">
<div class="hw-home-card">
<h3>News</h3>
* ''June 24, 2026:'' HandWiki skin test server opened.
* ''May 10, 2026:'' Supported by KMF.
* ''May 2, 2026:'' Added an Art portal.
</div>
<div class="hw-home-card">
<h3>Create and Share Knowledge</h3>
Build original articles, books, manuals and tutorials in a readable wiki format.

[[Special:CreateAccount|Create an account]]
</div>
<div class="hw-home-card">
<h3>Recent Pages</h3>
[[Special:RecentChanges|See recent changes]]

[[Special:AllPages|Browse all pages]]
</div>
</div>
</div>

File:Codex MW145 Thumbnail Test.jpg

2026-05-25T09:34:27Z

WikiHarold: Temporary 1.45 thumbnail generation test

== Summary ==
Temporary staging-only thumbnail generation test file for MediaWiki 1.45.3.

Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone

2026-05-25T09:16:45Z

WikiHarold: Use resized portrait for Jeffrey Goldstone biography

{{Short description|British theoretical physicist}}
<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jeffrey Goldstone
| image = Jeffrey Goldstone MIT 220.jpg
| caption = Jeffrey Goldstone
| fields = Physics
| known_for = Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics.
}}

'''Jeffrey Goldstone''' is a biographical subject in the ScholarlyWiki science collection. Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He worked at the University of Cambridge until 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffrey Goldstone |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref>

== Work and context ==
He is noted for the discovery of the Nambu–Goldstone boson. He is currently working on quantum computation.

This local Biography page supports internal ScholarlyWiki links and keeps the related science pages from pointing to a missing biography target.

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone Jeffrey Goldstone on Wikipedia]

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone|1}}

File:Jeffrey Goldstone MIT 220.jpg

2026-05-25T09:16:45Z

WikiHarold: Upload resized MIT portrait of Jeffrey Goldstone

== Summary ==
Portrait of theoretical physicist Jeffrey Goldstone, resized for ScholarlyWiki biography display.

* Source: https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/jeffrey-goldstone/
* Original image URL: https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/goldstone_jeffrey-aspect-ratio-420-334-420x334-c-default.jpg
* Context: MIT Physics faculty profile for Jeffrey Goldstone
* License: Used on ScholarlyWiki with permission/licence held by the site owner.

Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone

2026-05-25T09:12:31Z

WikiHarold: Resave Jeffrey Goldstone portrait filename

{{Short description|British theoretical physicist}}
<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jeffrey Goldstone
| image = Jeffrey Goldstone MIT.jpg
| caption = Jeffrey Goldstone
| fields = Physics
| known_for = Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics.
}}

'''Jeffrey Goldstone''' is a biographical subject in the ScholarlyWiki science collection. Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He worked at the University of Cambridge until 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffrey Goldstone |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref>

== Work and context ==
He is noted for the discovery of the Nambu–Goldstone boson. He is currently working on quantum computation.

This local Biography page supports internal ScholarlyWiki links and keeps the related science pages from pointing to a missing biography target.

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone Jeffrey Goldstone on Wikipedia]

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone|1}}

Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone

2026-05-25T08:59:43Z

WikiHarold: Add portrait to Jeffrey Goldstone biography

{{Short description|British theoretical physicist}}
<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jeffrey Goldstone
| image = Jeffrey_Goldstone_MIT.jpg
| caption = Jeffrey Goldstone
| fields = Physics
| known_for = Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics.
}}

'''Jeffrey Goldstone''' is a biographical subject in the ScholarlyWiki science collection. Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He worked at the University of Cambridge until 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffrey Goldstone |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref>

== Work and context ==
He is noted for the discovery of the Nambu–Goldstone boson. He is currently working on quantum computation.

This local Biography page supports internal ScholarlyWiki links and keeps the related science pages from pointing to a missing biography target.

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone Jeffrey Goldstone on Wikipedia]

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone|1}}

File:Jeffrey Goldstone MIT.jpg

2026-05-25T08:59:43Z

WikiHarold: Upload MIT portrait of Jeffrey Goldstone

== Summary ==
Portrait of theoretical physicist Jeffrey Goldstone.

* Source: https://physics.mit.edu/faculty/jeffrey-goldstone/
* Original image URL: https://physics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/goldstone_jeffrey-aspect-ratio-420-334-420x334-c-default.jpg
* Context: MIT Physics faculty profile for Jeffrey Goldstone
* License: Used on ScholarlyWiki with permission/licence held by the site owner.

Biography:Vladimir Fock

2026-05-25T08:50:12Z

WikiHarold: Add portrait to Vladimir Fock biography

{{Short description|Soviet physicist known for Fock space and quantum theory}}
<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vladimir Fock
| image = Vladimir_Fock_IAQMS.jpg
| caption = Vladimir Fock
| birth_date = 22 December 1898
| birth_place = Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
| death_date = 27 December 1974
| death_place = Leningrad, Soviet Union
| fields = Theoretical physics; quantum mechanics; mathematical physics
| work_institutions = Leningrad State University
| alma_mater = Petrograd University
| known_for = Fock space; Hartree-Fock method; quantum field theory; Fock state
}}

'''Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock''' (22 December 1898 - 27 December 1974) was a Soviet theoretical physicist and mathematician whose name is attached to Fock space, Fock states, and the Hartree-Fock method.

== Quantum context ==
Fock space provides the natural Hilbert-space setting for variable particle number in quantum field theory and many-body quantum mechanics. It organizes states with zero, one, two, or more identical particles in a single mathematical framework.

The Hartree-Fock method is a central approximation in atomic, molecular, and condensed-matter quantum calculations. It connects Fock's name with molecular orbitals, electronic structure, and computational quantum chemistry.

== Linked Quantum Collection pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum fock state]]
* [[Physics:Quantum molecular orbital diagram]]
* [[Physics:Quantum chemistry]]
* [[Physics:Quantum field theory]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fock |first=V. |year=1930 |title=Naherungsmethode zur Losung des quantenmechanischen Mehrkorperproblems |journal=Zeitschrift fur Physik |volume=61 |issue=1-2 |pages=126-148 |doi=10.1007/BF01340294}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fock |first=V. A. |title=The Theory of Space, Time and Gravitation |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1959}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Vladimir Fock|1}}

File:Vladimir Fock IAQMS.jpg

2026-05-25T08:50:12Z

WikiHarold: Upload IAQMS portrait of Vladimir Fock

== Summary ==
Portrait of theoretical physicist Vladimir A. Fock.

* Source: https://www.iaqms.org/deceased/fock.php
* Original image URL: https://www.iaqms.org/images/deceased/fock.jpg
* Context: International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science deceased member page for Vladimir A. Fock
* License: Used on ScholarlyWiki with permission/licence held by the site owner.

Biography:Sergio Ferrara

2026-05-25T08:39:59Z

WikiHarold: Refresh Sergio Ferrara infobox image rendering

{{Short description|Italian physicist (born 1945)}}
<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sergio Ferrara
| image = Sergio_Ferrara_CERN_2008.jpg
| caption = Ferrara at CERN in 2008
| fields = Science; scholarship
| known_for = Sergio Ferrara is a biographical topic linked from ScholarlyWiki science pages.
}}

'''Sergio Ferrara''' is a biographical subject in the ScholarlyWiki science collection. Sergio Ferrara is a biographical topic linked from ScholarlyWiki science pages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sergio Ferrara |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref>

== Work and context ==
This page was created to provide a stable local Biography entry for links from the ScholarlyWiki science collection.

This local Biography page supports internal ScholarlyWiki links and keeps the related science pages from pointing to a missing biography target.

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara Sergio Ferrara on Wikipedia]

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Sergio Ferrara|1}}

Biography:Sergio Ferrara

2026-05-25T08:36:58Z

WikiHarold: Add CERN portrait to Sergio Ferrara biography

{{Short description|Italian physicist (born 1945)}}
<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sergio Ferrara
| image = Sergio Ferrara CERN 2008.jpg
| caption = Ferrara at CERN in 2008
| fields = Science; scholarship
| known_for = Sergio Ferrara is a biographical topic linked from ScholarlyWiki science pages.
}}

'''Sergio Ferrara''' is a biographical subject in the ScholarlyWiki science collection. Sergio Ferrara is a biographical topic linked from ScholarlyWiki science pages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sergio Ferrara |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref>

== Work and context ==
This page was created to provide a stable local Biography entry for links from the ScholarlyWiki science collection.

This local Biography page supports internal ScholarlyWiki links and keeps the related science pages from pointing to a missing biography target.

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara Sergio Ferrara on Wikipedia]

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Sergio Ferrara|1}}

File:Sergio Ferrara CERN 2008.jpg

2026-05-25T08:36:58Z

WikiHarold: Upload CERN portrait of Sergio Ferrara

== Summary ==
Portrait of theoretical physicist Sergio Ferrara.

* Source: https://cds.cern.ch/record/1132633
* Original image URL: https://cds.cern.ch/record/1132633/files/bul-pho-2008-088.jpg
* Date: 3 October 2008
* Photograph: Corinne Pralavorio
* Copyright holder: CERN
* Context: CERN Document Server record BUL-PHO-2008-088, "Sergio Ferrara, theoretical physicist at CERN"
* License: Used on ScholarlyWiki with permission/licence held by the site owner.

Biography overview

2026-05-25T08:27:58Z

WikiHarold: Sort biography overview by last name

{{Short description|Overview of ScholarlyWiki biography pages}}

= Biography overview =

This overview lists local biography pages on ScholarlyWiki. These are ordinary main-namespace pages that use the title prefix <code>Biography:</code> and are marked with {{tl|Biography page}}.

The authoritative dynamic category is [[:Category:Biography pages]]. The prefix index may include redirects and spelling variants, so this page is generated from the category instead.

== Biography pages (334) ==
<div style="column-width:18em; column-gap:2em;">
* [[Biography:Richard Abegg|Richard Abegg]]
* [[Biography:Samson Abramsky|Samson Abramsky]]
* [[Biography:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov|Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
* [[Biography:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]
* [[Biography:Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Walter Alvarez]]
* [[Biography:Philip Warren Anderson|Philip Warren Anderson]]
* [[Biography:Svante Arrhenius|Svante Arrhenius]]
* [[Biography:Emil Artin|Emil Artin]]
* [[Biography:Alain Aspect|Alain Aspect]]
* [[Biography:Robert Bacher|Robert Bacher]]
* [[Biography:Jonathan Bagger|Jonathan Bagger]]
* [[Biography:Johann Balmer|Johann Balmer]]
* [[Biography:Karen Barad|Karen Barad]]
* [[Biography:Viacheslav Belavkin|Viacheslav Belavkin]]
* [[Biography:John Bell|John Bell]]
* [[Biography:Hans Bethe|Hans Bethe]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence Biedenharn|Lawrence Biedenharn]]
* [[Biography:Garrett Birkhoff|Garrett Birkhoff]]
* [[Biography:Felix Bloch|Felix Bloch]]
* [[Biography:Stephen J. Blundell|Stephen J. Blundell]]
* [[Biography:Nikolay Bogolyubov|Nikolay Bogolyubov]]
* [[Biography:David Bohm|David Bohm]]
* [[Biography:Aage Bohr|Aage Bohr]]
* [[Biography:Niels Bohr|Niels Bohr]]
* [[Biography:George Boole|George Boole]]
* [[Biography:Max Born|Max Born]]
* [[Biography:Satyendra Nath Bose|Satyendra Nath Bose]]
* [[Biography:Norris Bradbury|Norris Bradbury]]
* [[Biography:Vladimir Braginsky|Vladimir Braginsky]]
* [[Biography:Robert Brout|Robert Brout]]
* [[Biography:Lowell S. Brown|Lowell S. Brown]]
* [[Biography:Vannevar Bush|Vannevar Bush]]
* [[Biography:Markus Büttiker|Markus Büttiker]]
* [[Biography:Howard Carmichael|Howard Carmichael]]
* [[Biography:Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]]
* [[Biography:Robert Todd Carroll|Robert Todd Carroll]]
* [[Biography:Hendrik Casimir|Hendrik Casimir]]
* [[Biography:Henry Cavendish|Henry Cavendish]]
* [[Biography:James Chadwick|James Chadwick]]
* [[Biography:David Chalmers|David Chalmers]]
* [[Biography:Sergei V. Chekanov|Sergei V. Chekanov]]
* [[Biography:Ernst Chladni|Ernst Chladni]]
* [[Biography:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Biography:Deepak Chopra|Deepak Chopra]]
* [[Biography:Frank Close|Frank Close]]
* [[Biography:John Cockcroft|John Cockcroft]]
* [[Biography:Bob Coecke|Bob Coecke]]
* [[Biography:Sidney Coleman|Sidney Coleman]]
* [[Biography:Arthur Compton|Arthur Compton]]
* [[Biography:James B. Conant|James B. Conant]]
* [[Biography:Edward Condon|Edward Condon]]
* [[Biography:Charles Coulson|Charles Coulson]]
* [[Biography:Clyde Cowan|Clyde Cowan]]
* [[Biography:Eugène Cremmer|Eugène Cremmer]]
* [[Biography:Harry Daghlian|Harry Daghlian]]
* [[Biography:Jean Dalibard|Jean Dalibard]]
* [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]
* [[Biography:Paul Davies|Paul Davies]]
* [[Biography:Clinton Davisson|Clinton Davisson]]
* [[Biography:Louis de Broglie|Louis de Broglie]]
* [[Biography:Peter Debye|Peter Debye]]
* [[Biography:Hans Dehmelt|Hans Dehmelt]]
* [[Biography:Daniel Dennett|Daniel Dennett]]
* [[Biography:Simon van der Meer|Simon van der Meer]]
* [[Biography:David Deutsch|David Deutsch]]
* [[Biography:Michel Devoret|Michel Devoret]]
* [[Biography:Bryce DeWitt|Bryce DeWitt]]
* [[Biography:Paul Dirac|Paul Dirac]]
* [[Biography:Sidney Drell|Sidney Drell]]
* [[Biography:Priscilla Duffield|Priscilla Duffield]]
* [[Biography:Freeman Dyson|Freeman Dyson]]
* [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]]
* [[Biography:John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)|John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)]]
* [[Biography:Berthold-Georg Englert|Berthold-Georg Englert]]
* [[Biography:François Englert|François Englert]]
* [[Biography:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]
* [[Biography:Antonio Ereditato|Antonio Ereditato]]
* [[Biography:Immanuel Estermann|Immanuel Estermann]]
* [[Biography:Leonhard Euler|Leonhard Euler]]
* [[Biography:Hugh Everett III|Hugh Everett III]]
* [[Biography:Henry Eyring (chemist)|Henry Eyring (chemist)]]
* [[Biography:Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]]
* [[Biography:Thomas Farrell (general)|Thomas Farrell (general)]]
* [[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Biography:Sergio Ferrara|Sergio Ferrara]]
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]]
* [[Biography:David Finkelstein|David Finkelstein]]
* [[Biography:Val Logsdon Fitch|Val Logsdon Fitch]]
* [[Biography:Vladimir Fock|Vladimir Fock]]
* [[Biography:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]]
* [[Biography:Paul H. Frampton|Paul H. Frampton]]
* [[Biography:James Franck|James Franck]]
* [[Biography:Harald Fritzsch|Harald Fritzsch]]
* [[Biography:Klaus Fuchs|Klaus Fuchs]]
* [[Biography:Kenichi Fukui|Kenichi Fukui]]
* [[Biography:Murray Gell-Mann|Murray Gell-Mann]]
* [[Biography:Lester Germer|Lester Germer]]
* [[Biography:Walter Gilbert|Walter Gilbert]]
* [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]]
* [[Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone|Jeffrey Goldstone]]
* [[Biography:Oscar W. Greenberg|Oscar W. Greenberg]]
* [[Biography:Walter Greiner|Walter Greiner]]
* [[Biography:John Gribbin|John Gribbin]]
* [[Biography:David Gross|David Gross]]
* [[Biography:Leslie Groves|Leslie Groves]]
* [[Biography:Gerald Guralnik|Gerald Guralnik]]
* [[Biography:Elias Gyftopoulos|Elias Gyftopoulos]]
* [[Biography:C. R. Hagen|C. R. Hagen]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Hahn|Erwin Hahn]]
* [[Biography:Stuart Hameroff|Stuart Hameroff]]
* [[Biography:William Rowan Hamilton|William Rowan Hamilton]]
* [[Biography:Moo-Young Han|Moo-Young Han]]
* [[Biography:Brady Haran|Brady Haran]]
* [[Biography:Lucien Hardy|Lucien Hardy]]
* [[Biography:Serge Haroche|Serge Haroche]]
* [[Biography:Douglas Hartree|Douglas Hartree]]
* [[Biography:George N. Hatsopoulos|George N. Hatsopoulos]]
* [[Biography:Stephen Hawking|Stephen Hawking]]
* [[Biography:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]]
* [[Biography:Walter Heitler|Walter Heitler]]
* [[Biography:Hans Hellmann|Hans Hellmann]]
* [[Biography:Gustav Hertz|Gustav Hertz]]
* [[Biography:Peter Higgs|Peter Higgs]]
* [[Biography:Basil Hiley|Basil Hiley]]
* [[Biography:Roald Hoffmann|Roald Hoffmann]]
* [[Biography:Gerard 't Hooft|Gerard 't Hooft]]
* [[Biography:Friedrich Hund|Friedrich Hund]]
* [[Biography:Erich Hückel|Erich Hückel]]
* [[Biography:Claude Itzykson|Claude Itzykson]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth Alan Johnson|Kenneth Alan Johnson]]
* [[Biography:Kim Jong-un|Kim Jong-un]]
* [[Biography:Andrew N. Jordan|Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Biography:Pascual Jordan|Pascual Jordan]]
* [[Biography:James Joyce|James Joyce]]
* [[Biography:Dawon Kahng|Dawon Kahng]]
* [[Biography:Michio Kaku|Michio Kaku]]
* [[Biography:Gordon L. Kane|Gordon L. Kane]]
* [[Biography:Pyotr Kapitsa|Pyotr Kapitsa]]
* [[Biography:Henry Kapteyn|Henry Kapteyn]]
* [[Biography:Martin Karplus|Martin Karplus]]
* [[Biography:George Kistiakowsky|George Kistiakowsky]]
* [[Biography:Abraham Klein|Abraham Klein]]
* [[Biography:Hagen Kleinert|Hagen Kleinert]]
* [[Biography:Walter Kohn|Walter Kohn]]
* [[Biography:Andrey Kolmogorov|Andrey Kolmogorov]]
* [[Biography:Walther Kossel|Walther Kossel]]
* [[Biography:George Koval|George Koval]]
* [[Biography:Karl Kraus (physicist)|Karl Kraus (physicist)]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence Krauss|Lawrence Krauss]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence M. Krauss|Lawrence M. Krauss]]
* [[Biography:Werner Kutzelnigg|Werner Kutzelnigg]]
* [[Biography:Willis Lamb|Willis Lamb]]
* [[Biography:Tom Lancaster|Tom Lancaster]]
* [[Biography:Lev Landau|Lev Landau]]
* [[Biography:Irving Langmuir|Irving Langmuir]]
* [[Biography:John Lansdale Jr.|John Lansdale Jr.]]
* [[Biography:Robert B. Laughlin|Robert B. Laughlin]]
* [[Biography:Ernest Lawrence|Ernest Lawrence]]
* [[Biography:Leon M. Lederman|Leon M. Lederman]]
* [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee|Benjamin W. Lee]]
* [[Biography:Anthony Leggett|Anthony Leggett]]
* [[Biography:Philipp Lenard|Philipp Lenard]]
* [[Biography:John Lennard-Jones|John Lennard-Jones]]
* [[Biography:Heinrich Leutwyler|Heinrich Leutwyler]]
* [[Biography:Gilbert N. Lewis|Gilbert N. Lewis]]
* [[Biography:Willard Libby|Willard Libby]]
* [[Biography:Benjamin Libet|Benjamin Libet]]
* [[Biography:Seth Lloyd|Seth Lloyd]]
* [[Biography:Olimpia Lombardi|Olimpia Lombardi]]
* [[Biography:Fritz London|Fritz London]]
* [[Biography:Rodney Loudon|Rodney Loudon]]
* [[Biography:George Mackey|George Mackey]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Madelung|Erwin Madelung]]
* [[Biography:Franz Mandl|Franz Mandl]]
* [[Biography:Rudolph A. Marcus|Rudolph A. Marcus]]
* [[Biography:George C. Marshall|George C. Marshall]]
* [[Biography:James C. Marshall|James C. Marshall]]
* [[Biography:John M. Martinis|John M. Martinis]]
* [[Biography:Franklin Matthias|Franklin Matthias]]
* [[Biography:Tim Maudlin|Tim Maudlin]]
* [[Biography:Maria Goeppert Mayer|Maria Goeppert Mayer]]
* [[Biography:Johnjoe McFadden|Johnjoe McFadden]]
* [[Biography:Dorothy McKibbin|Dorothy McKibbin]]
* [[Biography:David McMahon|David McMahon]]
* [[Biography:Edwin McMillan|Edwin McMillan]]
* [[Biography:Angela Merkel|Angela Merkel]]
* [[Biography:Albert Messiah|Albert Messiah]]
* [[Biography:Gerard J. Milburn|Gerard J. Milburn]]
* [[Biography:Robert Millikan|Robert Millikan]]
* [[Biography:Robert Andrews Millikan|Robert Andrews Millikan]]
* [[Biography:Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills (physicist)]]
* [[Biography:Nevill Mott|Nevill Mott]]
* [[Biography:Robert S. Mulliken|Robert S. Mulliken]]
* [[Biography:Margaret Murnane|Margaret Murnane]]
* [[Biography:Klaus Mølmer|Klaus Mølmer]]
* [[Biography:Berndt Müller|Berndt Müller]]
* [[Biography:Hantaro Nagaoka|Hantaro Nagaoka]]
* [[Biography:Yoichiro Nambu|Yoichiro Nambu]]
* [[Biography:Yuval Ne'eman|Yuval Ne'eman]]
* [[Biography:Walther Nernst|Walther Nernst]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth Nichols|Kenneth Nichols]]
* [[Biography:Kazuhiko Nishijima|Kazuhiko Nishijima]]
* [[Biography:Arnold Nordsieck|Arnold Nordsieck]]
* [[Biography:Aaron D. O'Connell|Aaron D. O'Connell]]
* [[Biography:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]
* [[Biography:A. I. Oksak|A. I. Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Mark Oliphant|Mark Oliphant]]
* [[Biography:Lars Onsager|Lars Onsager]]
* [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer|J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
* [[Biography:Abraham Pais|Abraham Pais]]
* [[Biography:William Sterling Parsons|William Sterling Parsons]]
* [[Biography:Wolfgang Pauli|Wolfgang Pauli]]
* [[Biography:Linus Pauling|Linus Pauling]]
* [[Biography:David Pearce (philosopher)|David Pearce (philosopher)]]
* [[Biography:Roger Penrose|Roger Penrose]]
* [[Biography:Michael Peskin|Michael Peskin]]
* [[Biography:Jean Piaget|Jean Piaget]]
* [[Biography:Max Planck|Max Planck]]
* [[Biography:Boris Podolsky|Boris Podolsky]]
* [[Biography:Alexander Markovich Polyakov|Alexander Markovich Polyakov]]
* [[Biography:John Pople|John Pople]]
* [[Biography:Dimitar Popmintchev|Dimitar Popmintchev]]
* [[Biography:Tenio Popmintchev|Tenio Popmintchev]]
* [[Biography:Karl H. Pribram|Karl H. Pribram]]
* [[Biography:Huw Price|Huw Price]]
* [[Biography:Claude Pruneau|Claude Pruneau]]
* [[Biography:William R. Purnell|William R. Purnell]]
* [[Biography:Hilary Putnam|Hilary Putnam]]
* [[Biography:Paavo Pylkkänen|Paavo Pylkkänen]]
* [[Biography:Pauli Pylkkö|Pauli Pylkkö]]
* [[Biography:Asghar Qadir|Asghar Qadir]]
* [[Biography:Xue Qikun|Xue Qikun]]
* [[Biography:Isidor Isaac Rabi|Isidor Isaac Rabi]]
* [[Biography:James Rainwater|James Rainwater]]
* [[Biography:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.|Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.]]
* [[Biography:Emmanuel Rashba|Emmanuel Rashba]]
* [[Biography:Martin Rees|Martin Rees]]
* [[Biography:Hans Reichenbach|Hans Reichenbach]]
* [[Biography:Frederick Reines|Frederick Reines]]
* [[Biography:Joachim Reinhardt|Joachim Reinhardt]]
* [[Biography:Robert Retherford|Robert Retherford]]
* [[Biography:Lewis Fry Richardson|Lewis Fry Richardson]]
* [[Biography:Helmut Ritsch|Helmut Ritsch]]
* [[Biography:Nathan Rosen|Nathan Rosen]]
* [[Biography:Léon Rosenfeld|Léon Rosenfeld]]
* [[Biography:Bruno Rossi|Bruno Rossi]]
* [[Biography:Carlo Rovelli|Carlo Rovelli]]
* [[Biography:Carlo Rubbia|Carlo Rubbia]]
* [[Biography:Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford]]
* [[Biography:Johannes Rydberg|Johannes Rydberg]]
* [[Biography:Lewis H. Ryder|Lewis H. Ryder]]
* [[Biography:Abdus Salam|Abdus Salam]]
* [[Biography:Paul Samuelson|Paul Samuelson]]
* [[Biography:Günter Scharf|Günter Scharf]]
* [[Biography:Daniel Schroeder|Daniel Schroeder]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Schrödinger|Erwin Schrödinger]]
* [[Biography:Verena Schulte-Frohlinde|Verena Schulte-Frohlinde]]
* [[Biography:Matthew D. Schwartz|Matthew D. Schwartz]]
* [[Biography:Silvan S. Schweber|Silvan S. Schweber]]
* [[Biography:Julian Schwinger|Julian Schwinger]]
* [[Biography:Marlan Scully|Marlan Scully]]
* [[Biography:Glenn T. Seaborg|Glenn T. Seaborg]]
* [[Biography:Emilio Segrè|Emilio Segrè]]
* [[Biography:Graham Shaw|Graham Shaw]]
* [[Biography:Martin Shubik|Martin Shubik]]
* [[Biography:John C. Slater|John C. Slater]]
* [[Biography:Louis Slotin|Louis Slotin]]
* [[Biography:John A. Smolin|John A. Smolin]]
* [[Biography:George Smoot|George Smoot]]
* [[Biography:Henry DeWolf Smyth|Henry DeWolf Smyth]]
* [[Biography:Rafael Sorkin|Rafael Sorkin]]
* [[Biography:Frank Spedding|Frank Spedding]]
* [[Biography:Herbert Spohn|Herbert Spohn]]
* [[Biography:Mark Srednicki|Mark Srednicki]]
* [[Biography:Henry Stapp|Henry Stapp]]
* [[Biography:Otto Stern|Otto Stern]]
* [[Biography:E. C. Stoner|E. C. Stoner]]
* [[Biography:George Johnstone Stoney|George Johnstone Stoney]]
* [[Biography:Boris Struminsky|Boris Struminsky]]
* [[Biography:Toshikazu Sunada|Toshikazu Sunada]]
* [[Biography:Leo Szilard|Leo Szilard]]
* [[Biography:Albert Tavkhelidze|Albert Tavkhelidze]]
* [[Biography:Max Tegmark|Max Tegmark]]
* [[Biography:Edward Teller|Edward Teller]]
* [[Biography:Charles Allen Thomas|Charles Allen Thomas]]
* [[Biography:George Paget Thomson|George Paget Thomson]]
* [[Biography:J. J. Thomson|J. J. Thomson]]
* [[Biography:Ivan Todorov|Ivan Todorov]]
* [[Biography:Shin'ichir? Tomonaga|Shin'ichir? Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Shin'ichirō Tomonaga|Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:David Tong|David Tong]]
* [[Biography:William L. Uanna|William L. Uanna]]
* [[Biography:Stanislaw Ulam|Stanislaw Ulam]]
* [[Biography:Hiroomi Umezawa|Hiroomi Umezawa]]
* [[Biography:Harold Urey|Harold Urey]]
* [[Biography:Martinus J. G. Veltman|Martinus J. G. Veltman]]
* [[Biography:Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]
* [[Biography:Joseph von Fraunhofer|Joseph von Fraunhofer]]
* [[Biography:Hermann von Helmholtz|Hermann von Helmholtz]]
* [[Biography:Klaus von Klitzing|Klaus von Klitzing]]
* [[Biography:Julius von Mayer|Julius von Mayer]]
* [[Biography:John von Neumann|John von Neumann]]
* [[Biography:Herbert Walther|Herbert Walther]]
* [[Biography:Stafford L. Warren|Stafford L. Warren]]
* [[Biography:Arieh Warshel|Arieh Warshel]]
* [[Biography:Watt W. Webb|Watt W. Webb]]
* [[Biography:Steven Weinberg|Steven Weinberg]]
* [[Biography:Victor Weisskopf|Victor Weisskopf]]
* [[Biography:Alexander Wendt|Alexander Wendt]]
* [[Biography:Ed Westcott|Ed Westcott]]
* [[Biography:John Archibald Wheeler|John Archibald Wheeler]]
* [[Biography:William Whewell|William Whewell]]
* [[Biography:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]]
* [[Biography:Frank Wilczek|Frank Wilczek]]
* [[Biography:A. G. Williams|A. G. Williams]]
* [[Biography:Edgar Bright Wilson|Edgar Bright Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth G. Wilson|Kenneth G. Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Robert R. Wilson|Robert R. Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Roscoe Charles Wilson|Roscoe Charles Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Edward Witten|Edward Witten]]
* [[Biography:Peter Woit|Peter Woit]]
* [[Biography:Ernest O. Wollan|Ernest O. Wollan]]
* [[Biography:William Hyde Wollaston|William Hyde Wollaston]]
* [[Biography:Leona Woods|Leona Woods]]
* [[Biography:Francisco J. Ynduráin|Francisco J. Ynduráin]]
* [[Biography:Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young (scientist)]]
* [[Biography:Anthony Zee|Anthony Zee]]
* [[Biography:H. Dieter Zeh|H. Dieter Zeh]]
* [[Biography:Clarence Zener|Clarence Zener]]
* [[Biography:Peter Zoller|Peter Zoller]]
* [[Biography:Jean-Bernard Zuber|Jean-Bernard Zuber]]
* [[Biography:Wojciech H. Zurek|Wojciech H. Zurek]]
* [[Biography:George Zweig|George Zweig]]
</div>

Template:Biography page/list

2026-05-25T07:38:32Z

WikiHarold: Update biography previous-next navigation list

* [[Biography:Richard Abegg]]
* [[Biography:Samson Abramsky]]
* [[Biography:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
* [[Biography:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]
* [[Biography:Luis Walter Alvarez]]
* [[Biography:Philip Warren Anderson]]
* [[Biography:Svante Arrhenius]]
* [[Biography:Emil Artin]]
* [[Biography:Alain Aspect]]
* [[Biography:Robert Bacher]]
* [[Biography:Jonathan Bagger]]
* [[Biography:Johann Balmer]]
* [[Biography:Karen Barad]]
* [[Biography:Viacheslav Belavkin]]
* [[Biography:John Bell]]
* [[Biography:Hans Bethe]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence Biedenharn]]
* [[Biography:Garrett Birkhoff]]
* [[Biography:Felix Bloch]]
* [[Biography:Stephen J. Blundell]]
* [[Biography:Nikolay Bogolyubov]]
* [[Biography:David Bohm]]
* [[Biography:Aage Bohr]]
* [[Biography:Niels Bohr]]
* [[Biography:George Boole]]
* [[Biography:Max Born]]
* [[Biography:Satyendra Nath Bose]]
* [[Biography:Norris Bradbury]]
* [[Biography:Vladimir Braginsky]]
* [[Biography:Louis de Broglie]]
* [[Biography:Robert Brout]]
* [[Biography:Lowell S. Brown]]
* [[Biography:Vannevar Bush]]
* [[Biography:Markus Büttiker]]
* [[Biography:Howard Carmichael]]
* [[Biography:Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]]
* [[Biography:Robert Todd Carroll]]
* [[Biography:Hendrik Casimir]]
* [[Biography:Henry Cavendish]]
* [[Biography:James Chadwick]]
* [[Biography:David Chalmers]]
* [[Biography:Sergei V. Chekanov]]
* [[Biography:Ernst Chladni]]
* [[Biography:Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Biography:Deepak Chopra]]
* [[Biography:Frank Close]]
* [[Biography:John Cockcroft]]
* [[Biography:Bob Coecke]]
* [[Biography:Sidney Coleman]]
* [[Biography:Arthur Compton]]
* [[Biography:James B. Conant]]
* [[Biography:Edward Condon]]
* [[Biography:Charles Coulson]]
* [[Biography:Clyde Cowan]]
* [[Biography:Eugène Cremmer]]
* [[Biography:Harry Daghlian]]
* [[Biography:Jean Dalibard]]
* [[Biography:Charles Darwin]]
* [[Biography:Paul Davies]]
* [[Biography:Clinton Davisson]]
* [[Biography:Peter Debye]]
* [[Biography:Hans Dehmelt]]
* [[Biography:Daniel Dennett]]
* [[Biography:David Deutsch]]
* [[Biography:Michel Devoret]]
* [[Biography:Bryce DeWitt]]
* [[Biography:Paul Dirac]]
* [[Biography:Sidney Drell]]
* [[Biography:Priscilla Duffield]]
* [[Biography:Freeman Dyson]]
* [[Biography:Albert Einstein]]
* [[Biography:John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)]]
* [[Biography:Berthold-Georg Englert]]
* [[Biography:François Englert]]
* [[Biography:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]
* [[Biography:Antonio Ereditato]]
* [[Biography:Immanuel Estermann]]
* [[Biography:Leonhard Euler]]
* [[Biography:Hugh Everett III]]
* [[Biography:Henry Eyring (chemist)]]
* [[Biography:Michael Faraday]]
* [[Biography:Thomas Farrell (general)]]
* [[Biography:Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Biography:Sergio Ferrara]]
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman]]
* [[Biography:David Finkelstein]]
* [[Biography:Val Logsdon Fitch]]
* [[Biography:Vladimir Fock]]
* [[Biography:Harold Foppele]]
* [[Biography:Paul H. Frampton]]
* [[Biography:James Franck]]
* [[Biography:Joseph von Fraunhofer]]
* [[Biography:Harald Fritzsch]]
* [[Biography:Klaus Fuchs]]
* [[Biography:Kenichi Fukui]]
* [[Biography:Murray Gell-Mann]]
* [[Biography:Lester Germer]]
* [[Biography:Walter Gilbert]]
* [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow]]
* [[Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone]]
* [[Biography:Oscar W. Greenberg]]
* [[Biography:Walter Greiner]]
* [[Biography:John Gribbin]]
* [[Biography:David Gross]]
* [[Biography:Leslie Groves]]
* [[Biography:Gerald Guralnik]]
* [[Biography:Elias Gyftopoulos]]
* [[Biography:C. R. Hagen]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Hahn]]
* [[Biography:Stuart Hameroff]]
* [[Biography:William Rowan Hamilton]]
* [[Biography:Moo-Young Han]]
* [[Biography:Brady Haran]]
* [[Biography:Lucien Hardy]]
* [[Biography:Serge Haroche]]
* [[Biography:Douglas Hartree]]
* [[Biography:George N. Hatsopoulos]]
* [[Biography:Stephen Hawking]]
* [[Biography:Werner Heisenberg]]
* [[Biography:Walter Heitler]]
* [[Biography:Hans Hellmann]]
* [[Biography:Hermann von Helmholtz]]
* [[Biography:Gustav Hertz]]
* [[Biography:Peter Higgs]]
* [[Biography:Basil Hiley]]
* [[Biography:Roald Hoffmann]]
* [[Biography:Gerard 't Hooft]]
* [[Biography:Friedrich Hund]]
* [[Biography:Erich Hückel]]
* [[Biography:Claude Itzykson]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth Alan Johnson]]
* [[Biography:Kim Jong-un]]
* [[Biography:Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Biography:Pascual Jordan]]
* [[Biography:James Joyce]]
* [[Biography:Dawon Kahng]]
* [[Biography:Michio Kaku]]
* [[Biography:Gordon L. Kane]]
* [[Biography:Pyotr Kapitsa]]
* [[Biography:Henry Kapteyn]]
* [[Biography:Martin Karplus]]
* [[Biography:George Kistiakowsky]]
* [[Biography:Abraham Klein]]
* [[Biography:Hagen Kleinert]]
* [[Biography:Klaus von Klitzing]]
* [[Biography:Walter Kohn]]
* [[Biography:Andrey Kolmogorov]]
* [[Biography:Walther Kossel]]
* [[Biography:George Koval]]
* [[Biography:Karl Kraus (physicist)]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence Krauss]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence M. Krauss]]
* [[Biography:Werner Kutzelnigg]]
* [[Biography:Willis Lamb]]
* [[Biography:Tom Lancaster]]
* [[Biography:Lev Landau]]
* [[Biography:Irving Langmuir]]
* [[Biography:John Lansdale Jr.]]
* [[Biography:Robert B. Laughlin]]
* [[Biography:Ernest Lawrence]]
* [[Biography:Leon M. Lederman]]
* [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee]]
* [[Biography:Anthony Leggett]]
* [[Biography:Philipp Lenard]]
* [[Biography:John Lennard-Jones]]
* [[Biography:Heinrich Leutwyler]]
* [[Biography:Gilbert N. Lewis]]
* [[Biography:Willard Libby]]
* [[Biography:Benjamin Libet]]
* [[Biography:Seth Lloyd]]
* [[Biography:Olimpia Lombardi]]
* [[Biography:Fritz London]]
* [[Biography:Rodney Loudon]]
* [[Biography:George Mackey]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Madelung]]
* [[Biography:Franz Mandl]]
* [[Biography:Rudolph A. Marcus]]
* [[Biography:George C. Marshall]]
* [[Biography:James C. Marshall]]
* [[Biography:John M. Martinis]]
* [[Biography:Franklin Matthias]]
* [[Biography:Tim Maudlin]]
* [[Biography:Julius von Mayer]]
* [[Biography:Maria Goeppert Mayer]]
* [[Biography:Johnjoe McFadden]]
* [[Biography:Dorothy McKibbin]]
* [[Biography:David McMahon]]
* [[Biography:Edwin McMillan]]
* [[Biography:Simon van der Meer]]
* [[Biography:Angela Merkel]]
* [[Biography:Albert Messiah]]
* [[Biography:Gerard J. Milburn]]
* [[Biography:Robert Millikan]]
* [[Biography:Robert Andrews Millikan]]
* [[Biography:Robert Mills (physicist)]]
* [[Biography:Nevill Mott]]
* [[Biography:Robert S. Mulliken]]
* [[Biography:Margaret Murnane]]
* [[Biography:Klaus Mølmer]]
* [[Biography:Berndt Müller]]
* [[Biography:Hantaro Nagaoka]]
* [[Biography:Yoichiro Nambu]]
* [[Biography:Yuval Ne'eman]]
* [[Biography:Walther Nernst]]
* [[Biography:John von Neumann]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth Nichols]]
* [[Biography:Kazuhiko Nishijima]]
* [[Biography:Arnold Nordsieck]]
* [[Biography:Aaron D. O'Connell]]
* [[Biography:Barack Obama]]
* [[Biography:A. I. Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatolii Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatolii Ivanovich Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatoly Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatoly Ivanovich Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Mark Oliphant]]
* [[Biography:Lars Onsager]]
* [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
* [[Biography:Abraham Pais]]
* [[Biography:William Sterling Parsons]]
* [[Biography:Wolfgang Pauli]]
* [[Biography:Linus Pauling]]
* [[Biography:David Pearce (philosopher)]]
* [[Biography:Roger Penrose]]
* [[Biography:Michael Peskin]]
* [[Biography:Jean Piaget]]
* [[Biography:Max Planck]]
* [[Biography:Boris Podolsky]]
* [[Biography:Alexander Markovich Polyakov]]
* [[Biography:John Pople]]
* [[Biography:Dimitar Popmintchev]]
* [[Biography:Tenio Popmintchev]]
* [[Biography:Karl H. Pribram]]
* [[Biography:Huw Price]]
* [[Biography:Claude Pruneau]]
* [[Biography:William R. Purnell]]
* [[Biography:Hilary Putnam]]
* [[Biography:Paavo Pylkkänen]]
* [[Biography:Pauli Pylkkö]]
* [[Biography:Asghar Qadir]]
* [[Biography:Xue Qikun]]
* [[Biography:Isidor Isaac Rabi]]
* [[Biography:James Rainwater]]
* [[Biography:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.]]
* [[Biography:Emmanuel Rashba]]
* [[Biography:Martin Rees]]
* [[Biography:Hans Reichenbach]]
* [[Biography:Frederick Reines]]
* [[Biography:Joachim Reinhardt]]
* [[Biography:Robert Retherford]]
* [[Biography:Lewis Fry Richardson]]
* [[Biography:Helmut Ritsch]]
* [[Biography:Nathan Rosen]]
* [[Biography:Léon Rosenfeld]]
* [[Biography:Bruno Rossi]]
* [[Biography:Carlo Rovelli]]
* [[Biography:Carlo Rubbia]]
* [[Biography:Ernest Rutherford]]
* [[Biography:Johannes Rydberg]]
* [[Biography:Lewis H. Ryder]]
* [[Biography:Abdus Salam]]
* [[Biography:Paul Samuelson]]
* [[Biography:Günter Scharf]]
* [[Biography:Daniel Schroeder]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Schrödinger]]
* [[Biography:Verena Schulte-Frohlinde]]
* [[Biography:Matthew D. Schwartz]]
* [[Biography:Silvan S. Schweber]]
* [[Biography:Julian Schwinger]]
* [[Biography:Marlan Scully]]
* [[Biography:Glenn T. Seaborg]]
* [[Biography:Emilio Segrè]]
* [[Biography:Graham Shaw]]
* [[Biography:Martin Shubik]]
* [[Biography:John C. Slater]]
* [[Biography:Louis Slotin]]
* [[Biography:John A. Smolin]]
* [[Biography:George Smoot]]
* [[Biography:Henry DeWolf Smyth]]
* [[Biography:Rafael Sorkin]]
* [[Biography:Frank Spedding]]
* [[Biography:Herbert Spohn]]
* [[Biography:Mark Srednicki]]
* [[Biography:Henry Stapp]]
* [[Biography:Otto Stern]]
* [[Biography:E. C. Stoner]]
* [[Biography:George Johnstone Stoney]]
* [[Biography:Boris Struminsky]]
* [[Biography:Toshikazu Sunada]]
* [[Biography:Leo Szilard]]
* [[Biography:Albert Tavkhelidze]]
* [[Biography:Max Tegmark]]
* [[Biography:Edward Teller]]
* [[Biography:Charles Allen Thomas]]
* [[Biography:George Paget Thomson]]
* [[Biography:J. J. Thomson]]
* [[Biography:Ivan Todorov]]
* [[Biography:Shin'ichir? Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:David Tong]]
* [[Biography:William L. Uanna]]
* [[Biography:Stanislaw Ulam]]
* [[Biography:Hiroomi Umezawa]]
* [[Biography:Harold Urey]]
* [[Biography:Martinus J. G. Veltman]]
* [[Biography:Leonardo da Vinci]]
* [[Biography:Herbert Walther]]
* [[Biography:Stafford L. Warren]]
* [[Biography:Arieh Warshel]]
* [[Biography:Watt W. Webb]]
* [[Biography:Steven Weinberg]]
* [[Biography:Victor Weisskopf]]
* [[Biography:Alexander Wendt]]
* [[Biography:Ed Westcott]]
* [[Biography:John Archibald Wheeler]]
* [[Biography:William Whewell]]
* [[Biography:Eugene Wigner]]
* [[Biography:Frank Wilczek]]
* [[Biography:A. G. Williams]]
* [[Biography:Edgar Bright Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth G. Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Robert R. Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Roscoe Charles Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Edward Witten]]
* [[Biography:Peter Woit]]
* [[Biography:Ernest O. Wollan]]
* [[Biography:William Hyde Wollaston]]
* [[Biography:Leona Woods]]
* [[Biography:Francisco J. Ynduráin]]
* [[Biography:Thomas Young (scientist)]]
* [[Biography:Anthony Zee]]
* [[Biography:H. Dieter Zeh]]
* [[Biography:Clarence Zener]]
* [[Biography:Peter Zoller]]
* [[Biography:Jean-Bernard Zuber]]
* [[Biography:Wojciech H. Zurek]]
* [[Biography:George Zweig]]

Module:BiographyNav

2026-05-25T07:29:36Z

WikiHarold: Render biography previous-next navigation inline

local p = {}

local DATA_PAGE = 'Template:Biography page/list'

local function trim(s)
if not s then
return ''
end
return mw.text.trim(s)
end

local function escapeHtml(s)
return mw.text.encode(s or '')
end

local function displayLabel(title)
title = title or ''
title = title:gsub('^Biography:', '')
title = title:gsub('_', ' ')
return title
end

local function getList()
local title = mw.title.new(DATA_PAGE)
local text = title and title:getContent() or ''
local pages = {}

for raw in text:gmatch('%[%[([^%]]+)%]%]') do
local target = raw:match('^([^|#]+)') or raw
target = trim(target)

if target:match('^Biography:') then
table.insert(pages, target)
end
end

return pages
end

local function renderLink(className, target, prefix, suffix)
if not target or target == '' then
return '<div class="quantum-article-nav-empty" style="flex:1 1 0; min-height:1px;"></div>'
end

local align = ''
if className:match('next') then
align = ' text-align:right;'
end

return '<div class="' .. className .. '" style="flex:1 1 0;' .. align .. '">' ..
'<span style="display:inline-block; border:1px solid #e0d890; background:#fff8cc; padding:4px 8px; border-radius:4px;">' ..
'[[' .. target .. '|' .. escapeHtml(prefix .. displayLabel(target) .. suffix) .. ']]' ..
'</span></div>'
end

function p.nav(frame)
local args = frame.args or {}
local currentName = trim(args.page or '')

if currentName == '' then
local current = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
currentName = current and current.prefixedText or ''
end

currentName = mw.text.decode(currentName, true)

local pages = getList()
local previous = ''
local nextPage = ''

for i, page in ipairs(pages) do
if page == currentName then
if i > 1 then
previous = pages[i - 1]
end
if i < #pages then
nextPage = pages[i + 1]
end
break
end
end

if previous == '' and nextPage == '' then
return ''
end

return '<div class="quantum-article-nav" style="display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; gap:12px; margin:0 0 0.8em 0; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4;">' ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-previous', previous, '← Previous: ', '') ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-next', nextPage, 'Next: ', ' →') ..
'</div>'
end

return p

Template:Biography page

2026-05-25T07:24:16Z

WikiHarold: Show previous-next navigation on biography pages

<includeonly>{{#invoke:BiographyNav|nav|page={{FULLPAGENAME}}}}[[Category:Biography pages]]</includeonly><noinclude>
This template marks local biography pages, adds them to [[:Category:Biography pages]], and shows previous/next biography navigation.

Use it on real biography pages, not on redirects.
</noinclude>

Module:BiographyNav

2026-05-25T07:24:16Z

WikiHarold: Render biography previous-next navigation inline

local p = {}

local DATA_PAGE = 'Template:Biography page/list'

local function trim(s)
if not s then
return ''
end
return mw.text.trim(s)
end

local function escapeHtml(s)
return mw.text.encode(s or '')
end

local function displayLabel(title)
title = title or ''
title = title:gsub('^Biography:', '')
title = title:gsub('_', ' ')
return title
end

local function getList()
local title = mw.title.new(DATA_PAGE)
local text = title and title:getContent() or ''
local pages = {}

for raw in text:gmatch('%[%[([^%]]+)%]%]') do
local target = raw:match('^([^|#]+)') or raw
target = trim(target)

if target:match('^Biography:') then
table.insert(pages, target)
end
end

return pages
end

local function renderLink(className, target, prefix, suffix)
if not target or target == '' then
return '<div class="quantum-article-nav-empty" style="flex:1 1 0; min-height:1px;"></div>'
end

local align = ''
if className:match('next') then
align = ' text-align:right;'
end

return '<div class="' .. className .. '" style="flex:1 1 0;' .. align .. '">' ..
'<span style="display:inline-block; border:1px solid #e0d890; background:#fff8cc; padding:4px 8px; border-radius:4px;">' ..
'[[' .. target .. '|' .. escapeHtml(prefix .. displayLabel(target) .. suffix) .. ']]' ..
'</span></div>'
end

function p.nav(frame)
local args = frame.args or {}
local currentName = trim(args.page or '')

if currentName == '' then
local current = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
currentName = current and current.prefixedText or ''
end

local pages = getList()
local previous = ''
local nextPage = ''

for i, page in ipairs(pages) do
if page == currentName then
if i > 1 then
previous = pages[i - 1]
end
if i < #pages then
nextPage = pages[i + 1]
end
break
end
end

if previous == '' and nextPage == '' then
return ''
end

return '<div class="quantum-article-nav" style="display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; gap:12px; margin:0 0 0.8em 0; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4;">' ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-previous', previous, '← Previous: ', '') ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-next', nextPage, 'Next: ', ' →') ..
'</div>'
end

return p

Template:Biography page

2026-05-25T07:22:21Z

WikiHarold: Show previous-next navigation on biography pages

<includeonly>{{#invoke:BiographyNav|nav}}[[Category:Biography pages]]</includeonly><noinclude>
This template marks local biography pages, adds them to [[:Category:Biography pages]], and shows previous/next biography navigation.

Use it on real biography pages, not on redirects.
</noinclude>

Module:BiographyNav

2026-05-25T07:22:20Z

WikiHarold: Render biography previous-next navigation inline

local p = {}

local DATA_PAGE = 'Template:Biography page/list'

local function trim(s)
if not s then
return ''
end
return mw.text.trim(s)
end

local function escapeHtml(s)
return mw.text.encode(s or '')
end

local function displayLabel(title)
title = title or ''
title = title:gsub('^Biography:', '')
title = title:gsub('_', ' ')
return title
end

local function getList()
local title = mw.title.new(DATA_PAGE)
local text = title and title:getContent() or ''
local pages = {}

for raw in text:gmatch('%[%[([^%]]+)%]%]') do
local target = raw:match('^([^|#]+)') or raw
target = trim(target)

if target:match('^Biography:') then
table.insert(pages, target)
end
end

return pages
end

local function renderLink(className, target, prefix, suffix)
if not target or target == '' then
return '<div class="quantum-article-nav-empty" style="flex:1 1 0; min-height:1px;"></div>'
end

local align = ''
if className:match('next') then
align = ' text-align:right;'
end

return '<div class="' .. className .. '" style="flex:1 1 0;' .. align .. '">' ..
'<span style="display:inline-block; border:1px solid #e0d890; background:#fff8cc; padding:4px 8px; border-radius:4px;">' ..
'[[' .. target .. '|' .. escapeHtml(prefix .. displayLabel(target) .. suffix) .. ']]' ..
'</span></div>'
end

function p.nav(frame)
local current = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
local currentName = current and current.prefixedText or ''
local pages = getList()
local previous = ''
local nextPage = ''

for i, page in ipairs(pages) do
if page == currentName then
if i > 1 then
previous = pages[i - 1]
end
if i < #pages then
nextPage = pages[i + 1]
end
break
end
end

if previous == '' and nextPage == '' then
return ''
end

return '<div class="quantum-article-nav" style="display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:center; gap:12px; margin:0 0 0.8em 0; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4;">' ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-previous', previous, '← Previous: ', '') ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-next', nextPage, 'Next: ', ' →') ..
'</div>'
end

return p

Template:Biography page

2026-05-25T07:18:01Z

WikiHarold: Show previous-next navigation on biography pages

<includeonly><templatestyles src="Quantum article nav/styles.css" />{{#invoke:BiographyNav|nav}}[[Category:Biography pages]]</includeonly><noinclude>
This template marks local biography pages, adds them to [[:Category:Biography pages]], and shows previous/next biography navigation.

Use it on real biography pages, not on redirects.
</noinclude>

Module:BiographyNav

2026-05-25T07:18:01Z

WikiHarold: Add biography previous-next navigation

local p = {}

local DATA_PAGE = 'Template:Biography page/list'

local function trim(s)
if not s then
return ''
end
return mw.text.trim(s)
end

local function escapeHtml(s)
return mw.text.encode(s or '')
end

local function displayLabel(title)
title = title or ''
title = title:gsub('^Biography:', '')
title = title:gsub('_', ' ')
return title
end

local function getList()
local title = mw.title.new(DATA_PAGE)
local text = title and title:getContent() or ''
local pages = {}

for raw in text:gmatch('%[%[([^%]]+)%]%]') do
local target = raw:match('^([^|#]+)') or raw
target = trim(target)

if target:match('^Biography:') then
table.insert(pages, target)
end
end

return pages
end

local function renderLink(className, target, prefix, suffix)
if not target or target == '' then
return '<div class="quantum-article-nav-empty"></div>'
end

return '<div class="' .. className .. '">[[' .. target .. '|' ..
escapeHtml(prefix .. displayLabel(target) .. suffix) .. ']]</div>'
end

function p.nav(frame)
local current = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
local currentName = current and current.prefixedText or ''
local pages = getList()
local previous = ''
local nextPage = ''

for i, page in ipairs(pages) do
if page == currentName then
if i > 1 then
previous = pages[i - 1]
end
if i < #pages then
nextPage = pages[i + 1]
end
break
end
end

if previous == '' and nextPage == '' then
return ''
end

return '<div class="quantum-article-nav">' ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-previous', previous, '← Previous: ', '') ..
renderLink('quantum-article-nav-next', nextPage, 'Next: ', ' →') ..
'</div>'
end

return p

Template:Biography page/list

2026-05-25T07:18:00Z

WikiHarold: Add biography previous-next navigation

* [[Biography:A. G. Williams]]
* [[Biography:A. I. Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Aage Bohr]]
* [[Biography:Aaron D. O'Connell]]
* [[Biography:Abdus Salam]]
* [[Biography:Abraham Klein]]
* [[Biography:Abraham Pais]]
* [[Biography:Alain Aspect]]
* [[Biography:Albert Einstein]]
* [[Biography:Albert Messiah]]
* [[Biography:Albert Tavkhelidze]]
* [[Biography:Alexander Markovich Polyakov]]
* [[Biography:Alexander Wendt]]
* [[Biography:Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov]]
* [[Biography:Anatolii Ivanovich Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatolii Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatoly Ivanovich Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Anatoly Oksak]]
* [[Biography:Andrew N. Jordan]]
* [[Biography:Andrey Kolmogorov]]
* [[Biography:Angela Merkel]]
* [[Biography:Anthony Leggett]]
* [[Biography:Anthony Zee]]
* [[Biography:Antonio Ereditato]]
* [[Biography:Arieh Warshel]]
* [[Biography:Arnold Nordsieck]]
* [[Biography:Arthur Compton]]
* [[Biography:Asghar Qadir]]
* [[Biography:Barack Obama]]
* [[Biography:Basil Hiley]]
* [[Biography:Benjamin Libet]]
* [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee]]
* [[Biography:Berndt Müller]]
* [[Biography:Berthold-Georg Englert]]
* [[Biography:Bob Coecke]]
* [[Biography:Boris Podolsky]]
* [[Biography:Boris Struminsky]]
* [[Biography:Brady Haran]]
* [[Biography:Bruno Rossi]]
* [[Biography:Bryce DeWitt]]
* [[Biography:C. R. Hagen]]
* [[Biography:Carlo Rovelli]]
* [[Biography:Carlo Rubbia]]
* [[Biography:Charles Allen Thomas]]
* [[Biography:Charles Coulson]]
* [[Biography:Charles Darwin]]
* [[Biography:Clarence Zener]]
* [[Biography:Claude Itzykson]]
* [[Biography:Claude Pruneau]]
* [[Biography:Clinton Davisson]]
* [[Biography:Clyde Cowan]]
* [[Biography:Daniel Dennett]]
* [[Biography:Daniel Schroeder]]
* [[Biography:David Bohm]]
* [[Biography:David Chalmers]]
* [[Biography:David Deutsch]]
* [[Biography:David Finkelstein]]
* [[Biography:David Gross]]
* [[Biography:David McMahon]]
* [[Biography:David Pearce (philosopher)]]
* [[Biography:David Tong]]
* [[Biography:Dawon Kahng]]
* [[Biography:Deepak Chopra]]
* [[Biography:Dimitar Popmintchev]]
* [[Biography:Dorothy McKibbin]]
* [[Biography:Douglas Hartree]]
* [[Biography:E. C. Stoner]]
* [[Biography:Ed Westcott]]
* [[Biography:Edgar Bright Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Edward Condon]]
* [[Biography:Edward Teller]]
* [[Biography:Edward Witten]]
* [[Biography:Edwin McMillan]]
* [[Biography:Elias Gyftopoulos]]
* [[Biography:Emil Artin]]
* [[Biography:Emilio Segrè]]
* [[Biography:Emmanuel Rashba]]
* [[Biography:Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Biography:Erich Hückel]]
* [[Biography:Ernest Lawrence]]
* [[Biography:Ernest O. Wollan]]
* [[Biography:Ernest Rutherford]]
* [[Biography:Ernst Chladni]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Hahn]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Madelung]]
* [[Biography:Erwin Schrödinger]]
* [[Biography:Eugene Wigner]]
* [[Biography:Eugène Cremmer]]
* [[Biography:Felix Bloch]]
* [[Biography:Francisco J. Ynduráin]]
* [[Biography:Frank Close]]
* [[Biography:Frank Spedding]]
* [[Biography:Frank Wilczek]]
* [[Biography:Franklin Matthias]]
* [[Biography:Franz Mandl]]
* [[Biography:François Englert]]
* [[Biography:Frederick Reines]]
* [[Biography:Freeman Dyson]]
* [[Biography:Friedrich Hund]]
* [[Biography:Fritz London]]
* [[Biography:Garrett Birkhoff]]
* [[Biography:George Boole]]
* [[Biography:George C. Marshall]]
* [[Biography:George Johnstone Stoney]]
* [[Biography:George Kistiakowsky]]
* [[Biography:George Koval]]
* [[Biography:George Mackey]]
* [[Biography:George N. Hatsopoulos]]
* [[Biography:George Paget Thomson]]
* [[Biography:George Smoot]]
* [[Biography:George Zweig]]
* [[Biography:Gerald Guralnik]]
* [[Biography:Gerard 't Hooft]]
* [[Biography:Gerard J. Milburn]]
* [[Biography:Gilbert N. Lewis]]
* [[Biography:Glenn T. Seaborg]]
* [[Biography:Gordon L. Kane]]
* [[Biography:Graham Shaw]]
* [[Biography:Gustav Hertz]]
* [[Biography:Günter Scharf]]
* [[Biography:H. Dieter Zeh]]
* [[Biography:Hagen Kleinert]]
* [[Biography:Hans Bethe]]
* [[Biography:Hans Dehmelt]]
* [[Biography:Hans Hellmann]]
* [[Biography:Hans Reichenbach]]
* [[Biography:Hantaro Nagaoka]]
* [[Biography:Harald Fritzsch]]
* [[Biography:Harold Foppele]]
* [[Biography:Harold Urey]]
* [[Biography:Harry Daghlian]]
* [[Biography:Heinrich Leutwyler]]
* [[Biography:Helmut Ritsch]]
* [[Biography:Hendrik Casimir]]
* [[Biography:Henry Cavendish]]
* [[Biography:Henry DeWolf Smyth]]
* [[Biography:Henry Eyring (chemist)]]
* [[Biography:Henry Kapteyn]]
* [[Biography:Henry Stapp]]
* [[Biography:Herbert Spohn]]
* [[Biography:Herbert Walther]]
* [[Biography:Hermann von Helmholtz]]
* [[Biography:Hilary Putnam]]
* [[Biography:Hiroomi Umezawa]]
* [[Biography:Howard Carmichael]]
* [[Biography:Hugh Everett III]]
* [[Biography:Huw Price]]
* [[Biography:Immanuel Estermann]]
* [[Biography:Irving Langmuir]]
* [[Biography:Isidor Isaac Rabi]]
* [[Biography:Ivan Todorov]]
* [[Biography:J. J. Thomson]]
* [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
* [[Biography:James B. Conant]]
* [[Biography:James C. Marshall]]
* [[Biography:James Chadwick]]
* [[Biography:James Franck]]
* [[Biography:James Joyce]]
* [[Biography:James Rainwater]]
* [[Biography:Jean Dalibard]]
* [[Biography:Jean Piaget]]
* [[Biography:Jean-Bernard Zuber]]
* [[Biography:Jeffrey Goldstone]]
* [[Biography:Joachim Reinhardt]]
* [[Biography:Johann Balmer]]
* [[Biography:Johannes Rydberg]]
* [[Biography:John A. Smolin]]
* [[Biography:John Archibald Wheeler]]
* [[Biography:John Bell]]
* [[Biography:John C. Slater]]
* [[Biography:John Cockcroft]]
* [[Biography:John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)]]
* [[Biography:John Gribbin]]
* [[Biography:John Lansdale Jr.]]
* [[Biography:John Lennard-Jones]]
* [[Biography:John M. Martinis]]
* [[Biography:John Pople]]
* [[Biography:John von Neumann]]
* [[Biography:Johnjoe McFadden]]
* [[Biography:Jonathan Bagger]]
* [[Biography:Joseph von Fraunhofer]]
* [[Biography:Julian Schwinger]]
* [[Biography:Julius von Mayer]]
* [[Biography:Karen Barad]]
* [[Biography:Karl H. Pribram]]
* [[Biography:Karl Kraus (physicist)]]
* [[Biography:Kazuhiko Nishijima]]
* [[Biography:Kenichi Fukui]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth Alan Johnson]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth G. Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Kenneth Nichols]]
* [[Biography:Kim Jong-un]]
* [[Biography:Klaus Fuchs]]
* [[Biography:Klaus Mølmer]]
* [[Biography:Klaus von Klitzing]]
* [[Biography:Lars Onsager]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence Biedenharn]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence Krauss]]
* [[Biography:Lawrence M. Krauss]]
* [[Biography:Leo Szilard]]
* [[Biography:Leon M. Lederman]]
* [[Biography:Leona Woods]]
* [[Biography:Leonardo da Vinci]]
* [[Biography:Leonhard Euler]]
* [[Biography:Leslie Groves]]
* [[Biography:Lester Germer]]
* [[Biography:Lev Landau]]
* [[Biography:Lewis Fry Richardson]]
* [[Biography:Lewis H. Ryder]]
* [[Biography:Linus Pauling]]
* [[Biography:Louis de Broglie]]
* [[Biography:Louis Slotin]]
* [[Biography:Lowell S. Brown]]
* [[Biography:Lucien Hardy]]
* [[Biography:Luis Walter Alvarez]]
* [[Biography:Léon Rosenfeld]]
* [[Biography:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]
* [[Biography:Margaret Murnane]]
* [[Biography:Maria Goeppert Mayer]]
* [[Biography:Mark Oliphant]]
* [[Biography:Mark Srednicki]]
* [[Biography:Markus Büttiker]]
* [[Biography:Marlan Scully]]
* [[Biography:Martin Karplus]]
* [[Biography:Martin Rees]]
* [[Biography:Martin Shubik]]
* [[Biography:Martinus J. G. Veltman]]
* [[Biography:Matthew D. Schwartz]]
* [[Biography:Max Born]]
* [[Biography:Max Planck]]
* [[Biography:Max Tegmark]]
* [[Biography:Michael Faraday]]
* [[Biography:Michael Peskin]]
* [[Biography:Michel Devoret]]
* [[Biography:Michio Kaku]]
* [[Biography:Moo-Young Han]]
* [[Biography:Murray Gell-Mann]]
* [[Biography:Nathan Rosen]]
* [[Biography:Nevill Mott]]
* [[Biography:Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]]
* [[Biography:Niels Bohr]]
* [[Biography:Nikolay Bogolyubov]]
* [[Biography:Noam Chomsky]]
* [[Biography:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.]]
* [[Biography:Norris Bradbury]]
* [[Biography:Olimpia Lombardi]]
* [[Biography:Oscar W. Greenberg]]
* [[Biography:Otto Stern]]
* [[Biography:Paavo Pylkkänen]]
* [[Biography:Pascual Jordan]]
* [[Biography:Paul Davies]]
* [[Biography:Paul Dirac]]
* [[Biography:Paul H. Frampton]]
* [[Biography:Paul Samuelson]]
* [[Biography:Pauli Pylkkö]]
* [[Biography:Peter Debye]]
* [[Biography:Peter Higgs]]
* [[Biography:Peter Woit]]
* [[Biography:Peter Zoller]]
* [[Biography:Philip Warren Anderson]]
* [[Biography:Philipp Lenard]]
* [[Biography:Priscilla Duffield]]
* [[Biography:Pyotr Kapitsa]]
* [[Biography:Rafael Sorkin]]
* [[Biography:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]
* [[Biography:Richard Abegg]]
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman]]
* [[Biography:Roald Hoffmann]]
* [[Biography:Robert Andrews Millikan]]
* [[Biography:Robert B. Laughlin]]
* [[Biography:Robert Bacher]]
* [[Biography:Robert Brout]]
* [[Biography:Robert Millikan]]
* [[Biography:Robert Mills (physicist)]]
* [[Biography:Robert R. Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Robert Retherford]]
* [[Biography:Robert S. Mulliken]]
* [[Biography:Robert Todd Carroll]]
* [[Biography:Rodney Loudon]]
* [[Biography:Roger Penrose]]
* [[Biography:Roscoe Charles Wilson]]
* [[Biography:Rudolph A. Marcus]]
* [[Biography:Samson Abramsky]]
* [[Biography:Satyendra Nath Bose]]
* [[Biography:Serge Haroche]]
* [[Biography:Sergei V. Chekanov]]
* [[Biography:Sergio Ferrara]]
* [[Biography:Seth Lloyd]]
* [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow]]
* [[Biography:Shin'ichir? Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Sidney Coleman]]
* [[Biography:Sidney Drell]]
* [[Biography:Silvan S. Schweber]]
* [[Biography:Simon van der Meer]]
* [[Biography:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]]
* [[Biography:Stafford L. Warren]]
* [[Biography:Stanislaw Ulam]]
* [[Biography:Stephen Hawking]]
* [[Biography:Stephen J. Blundell]]
* [[Biography:Steven Weinberg]]
* [[Biography:Stuart Hameroff]]
* [[Biography:Svante Arrhenius]]
* [[Biography:Tenio Popmintchev]]
* [[Biography:Thomas Farrell (general)]]
* [[Biography:Thomas Young (scientist)]]
* [[Biography:Tim Maudlin]]
* [[Biography:Tom Lancaster]]
* [[Biography:Toshikazu Sunada]]
* [[Biography:Val Logsdon Fitch]]
* [[Biography:Vannevar Bush]]
* [[Biography:Verena Schulte-Frohlinde]]
* [[Biography:Viacheslav Belavkin]]
* [[Biography:Victor Weisskopf]]
* [[Biography:Vladimir Braginsky]]
* [[Biography:Vladimir Fock]]
* [[Biography:Walter Gilbert]]
* [[Biography:Walter Greiner]]
* [[Biography:Walter Heitler]]
* [[Biography:Walter Kohn]]
* [[Biography:Walther Kossel]]
* [[Biography:Walther Nernst]]
* [[Biography:Watt W. Webb]]
* [[Biography:Werner Heisenberg]]
* [[Biography:Werner Kutzelnigg]]
* [[Biography:Willard Libby]]
* [[Biography:William Hyde Wollaston]]
* [[Biography:William L. Uanna]]
* [[Biography:William R. Purnell]]
* [[Biography:William Rowan Hamilton]]
* [[Biography:William Sterling Parsons]]
* [[Biography:William Whewell]]
* [[Biography:Willis Lamb]]
* [[Biography:Wojciech H. Zurek]]
* [[Biography:Wolfgang Pauli]]
* [[Biography:Xue Qikun]]
* [[Biography:Yoichiro Nambu]]
* [[Biography:Yuval Ne'eman]]

Biography:Eugene Wigner

2026-05-24T23:04:19Z

WikiHarold: Place biography table of contents at upper left

<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Eugene Wigner
| image = Eugene_Wigner.jpg
| caption = Eugene Wigner
| birth_date = 17 November 1902
| birth_place = Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
| death_date = 1 January 1995
| death_place = Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics; mathematical physics
| workplaces = Princeton University
| alma_mater = Technical University of Berlin
| known_for = Symmetry in quantum mechanics; Wigner theorem; Wigner distribution; nuclear physics
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1963)
}}

'''Eugene Wigner''' (17 November 1902 - 1 January 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist and mathematician who made symmetry a central language of modern quantum physics. His work showed how group theory could classify quantum states, selection rules, angular momentum, and the behavior of atomic and nuclear systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1963/wigner/biographical/ |title=Eugene Wigner - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Wigner received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to nuclear and elementary-particle theory, especially through symmetry principles. His mathematical style influenced spectroscopy, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, and quantum information.

== Symmetry and quantum theory ==
In [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], symmetries are represented by transformations acting on states in Hilbert space. Wigner's theorem formalized how physical symmetries correspond to unitary or antiunitary transformations, a result that remains basic in quantum foundations.

The Wigner distribution connects quantum states with phase-space descriptions, while Wigner's broader work on representations helped organize spin, angular momentum, and conservation laws. These ideas connect directly with [[Physics:Quantum Symmetry in quantum mechanics|symmetry in quantum mechanics]] and [[Physics:Quantum Angular momentum operator|angular momentum operators]].

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Symmetry in quantum mechanics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Angular momentum operator]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Hilbert space]]
* [[Biography:John von Neumann]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wigner, Eugene}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Eugene Wigner|1}}

Biography:John Archibald Wheeler

2026-05-24T23:04:18Z

WikiHarold: Place biography table of contents at upper left

<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = John Archibald Wheeler
| image = John_Archibald_Wheeler.jpg
| caption = Wheeler lecturing
| birth_date = 9 July 1911
| birth_place = Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
| death_date = 13 April 2008
| death_place = Hightstown, New Jersey, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Princeton University; University of Texas at Austin
| alma_mater = Johns Hopkins University
| doctoral_advisor = Karl Herzfeld
| known_for = Black holes; geometrodynamics; quantum gravity; Wheeler-DeWitt equation; delayed-choice thought experiment
}}

'''John Archibald Wheeler''' (9 July 1911 - 13 April 2008) was an American theoretical physicist whose work connected nuclear physics, general relativity, quantum foundations, and quantum gravity. He helped popularize the term "black hole" and supervised or influenced major figures in twentieth-century physics, including [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]] and [[Biography:Hugh Everett III|Hugh Everett III]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/wheeler |title=John Archibald Wheeler |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Wheeler worked on nuclear fission, scattering theory, relativity, geometrodynamics, and the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics. His delayed-choice thought experiments became important in discussions of measurement, observation, and the meaning of quantum events.

== Quantum gravity and foundations ==
Wheeler's name is attached to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, a central formal expression in canonical quantum gravity. It attempts to describe a quantum state of geometry and matter without relying on an external time parameter, linking [[Physics:Quantum curved spacetime|curved spacetime]] with [[Physics:Quantum quantum gravity|quantum gravity]].

His influence also appears in quantum information and interpretation. Wheeler's phrase "it from bit" captured his interest in the relationship between physical reality, information, and observation.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum quantum gravity]]
* [[Physics:Quantum curved spacetime]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Measurement problem]]
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman]]
* [[Biography:Hugh Everett III]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wheeler, John Archibald}}
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:John Archibald Wheeler|1}}

Biography:Steven Weinberg

2026-05-24T23:04:18Z

WikiHarold: Place biography table of contents at upper left

<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Steven Weinberg
| image = Steven_Weinberg.jpg
| caption = Steven Weinberg in 2010
| birth_date = 3 May 1933
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = 23 July 2021
| death_place = Austin, Texas, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = University of Texas at Austin; Harvard University; MIT
| alma_mater = Cornell University; Princeton University
| known_for = Electroweak theory; quantum field theory; cosmology
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)
}}

'''Steven Weinberg''' (3 May 1933 - 23 July 2021) was an American theoretical physicist whose work helped unify electromagnetism and the weak interaction. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Biography:Abdus Salam|Abdus Salam]] for contributions to the electroweak theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/weinberg/biographical/ |title=Steven Weinberg - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Weinberg's 1967 model showed how gauge theory, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and leptons could be combined into a predictive electroweak framework. His later books on quantum field theory and cosmology became major references for theoretical physics.

== Electroweak theory ==
Weinberg's work is central to the [[Physics:Quantum Electroweak theory|electroweak theory]] and the [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model|Standard Model]]. It connects [[Physics:Quantum gauge field|gauge fields]], symmetry breaking, weak interactions, and the Higgs mechanism into one mathematical structure.

His broader influence extended to effective field theory, cosmology, and the philosophy of science. In quantum field theory, he emphasized symmetry, locality, and the systematic construction of allowed interactions.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Electroweak theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Field Theory Gauge symmetry]]
* [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow]]
* [[Biography:Abdus Salam]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weinberg, Steven}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Steven Weinberg|1}}

Biography:John von Neumann

2026-05-24T23:04:17Z

WikiHarold: Place biography table of contents at upper left

<div class="sw-mainpage-toc" style="float:left; width:240px; max-width:24%; margin:0 22px 12px 0;">
__TOC__
</div>
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = John von Neumann
| image = John_von_Neumann.gif
| caption = John von Neumann at Los Alamos
| birth_date = 28 December 1903
| birth_place = Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
| death_date = 8 February 1957
| death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S.
| fields = Mathematics; physics; computer science
| workplaces = Institute for Advanced Study
| alma_mater = Pázmány Péter University; ETH Zurich
| doctoral_advisor = Lipót Fejér
| known_for = Mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics; von Neumann algebra; game theory; computer architecture
}}

'''John von Neumann''' (28 December 1903 - 8 February 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, and polymath whose work shaped the mathematical foundations of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], functional analysis, computing, game theory, and many other fields. In quantum theory he gave a rigorous Hilbert-space formulation of states, observables, and measurement, helping place the theory on a precise mathematical footing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ias.edu/scholars/von-neumann |title=John von Neumann |publisher=Institute for Advanced Study |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Von Neumann's 1932 book ''Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics'' became one of the most influential early mathematical treatments of quantum theory. It emphasized [[Physics:Quantum Hilbert space|Hilbert space]], linear operators, projection, and statistical mixtures, concepts that remain standard in modern quantum physics.

== Quantum foundations ==
Von Neumann clarified the relationship between [[Physics:Quantum state|states]], [[Physics:Quantum Observables and operators|observables and operators]], and measurement. His formalism made it possible to describe pure states and mixed states in a unified way, connecting naturally with the [[Physics:Quantum Density matrix|density matrix]].

His analysis of measurement and hidden variables also influenced later debates about the [[Physics:Quantum Measurement problem|measurement problem]], [[Physics:Quantum Hidden variable theory|hidden-variable theory]], and the structure of quantum probability. Later work by other physicists revised parts of the hidden-variable discussion, but von Neumann's mathematical framework remained foundational.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Hilbert space]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Density matrix]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Measurement theory]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Von Neumann, John}}
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Mathematicians]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:John von Neumann|1}}

Biography:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga

2026-05-24T23:04:17Z

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
| image = Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga.jpg
| caption = Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
| birth_date = 31 March 1906
| birth_place = Tokyo, Japan
| death_date = 8 July 1979
| death_place = Tokyo, Japan
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Tokyo University of Education
| alma_mater = Kyoto Imperial University
| known_for = Renormalized quantum electrodynamics; Tomonaga-Schwinger equation
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)
}}

'''Sin-Itiro Tomonaga''' (31 March 1906 - 8 July 1979) was a Japanese theoretical physicist who helped build the modern form of [[Physics:Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)|quantum electrodynamics]]. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Julian Schwinger|Julian Schwinger]] and [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]] for fundamental work in QED, especially the development of relativistically consistent and renormalized methods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/tomonaga/biographical/ |title=Sin-Itiro Tomonaga - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Tomonaga developed his approach during and after World War II, working independently from related developments in the United States. His formulation treated interactions in quantum fields in a way compatible with special relativity, helping remove infinities from practical calculations and making QED a precise predictive theory.

== Quantum electrodynamics ==
Tomonaga's work belongs to the same conceptual family as Schwinger's operator methods and Feynman's diagrams. Together, these methods made [[Physics:Quantum electromagnetic field|quantized electromagnetic fields]] usable for high-precision calculations involving electrons, photons, and radiative corrections.

The Tomonaga-Schwinger equation generalized quantum time evolution to arbitrary spacelike surfaces. This idea is important in the relativistic formulation of [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics|quantum field theory]], where a single universal time coordinate is not always the most natural description.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)]]
* [[Physics:Quantum electromagnetic field]]
* [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics]]
* [[Biography:Julian Schwinger]]
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|1}}

Biography:Julian Schwinger

2026-05-24T23:04:16Z

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Julian Schwinger
| image = Julian_Schwinger.jpg
| caption = Julian Schwinger
| birth_date = 12 February 1918
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = 16 July 1994
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Harvard University; University of California, Los Angeles
| alma_mater = Columbia University
| doctoral_advisor = Isidor Isaac Rabi
| known_for = Quantum electrodynamics; Schwinger effect; source theory; variational methods
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)
}}

'''Julian Schwinger''' (12 February 1918 - 16 July 1994) was an American theoretical physicist whose work helped establish modern [[Physics:Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)|quantum electrodynamics]]. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]] and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga for fundamental work in QED, including methods for calculating the interaction of light and charged particles with high precision.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/schwinger/biographical/ |title=Julian Schwinger - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Schwinger was known for a highly formal and operator-based style of physics. During and after World War II he developed techniques that became part of the standard language of [[Physics:Quantum electromagnetic field|quantized electromagnetic fields]]. His calculation of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment was a landmark result, showing how quantum field theory could produce precise measurable predictions.

== Quantum field theory ==
Schwinger's work sits at the center of the transition from early quantum mechanics to renormalized [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) core|quantum field theory]]. He developed operator methods, Green-function techniques, and variational principles that influenced particle physics, many-body theory, and later field-theoretic approaches.

The Schwinger effect, the predicted creation of particle-antiparticle pairs by an extremely strong electric field, remains an important theoretical idea in high-field physics and quantum vacuum studies. It connects QED with [[Physics:Quantum vacuum field|vacuum field]] behavior and the limits of classical electromagnetic description.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)]]
* [[Physics:Quantum electromagnetic field]]
* [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics]]
* [[Biography:Richard Feynman]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schwinger, Julian}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Julian Schwinger|1}}

Biography:Abdus Salam

2026-05-24T23:04:16Z

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Abdus Salam
| image = Abdus_Salam.jpg
| caption = Abdus Salam in 1987
| birth_date = 29 January 1926
| birth_place = Jhang, Punjab, British India
| death_date = 21 November 1996
| death_place = Oxford, England
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Imperial College London; International Centre for Theoretical Physics
| alma_mater = Government College University; University of Cambridge
| known_for = Electroweak theory; Pati-Salam model; theoretical particle physics
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)
}}

'''Abdus Salam''' (29 January 1926 - 21 November 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist who made major contributions to electroweak unification and particle physics. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow|Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Biography:Steven Weinberg|Steven Weinberg]] for work on the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/salam/biographical/ |title=Abdus Salam - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Salam was also a strong advocate for scientific development in the Global South. He founded the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, which became an important institution for supporting researchers from developing countries.

== Electroweak theory ==
Salam's electroweak work helped establish a gauge-theory description of weak and electromagnetic forces. Together with the Higgs mechanism and related symmetry-breaking ideas, this became a foundation of the [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model|Standard Model]].

His broader theoretical work included particle classification, unification ideas, and the Pati-Salam model. These topics connect [[Physics:Quantum gauge field|gauge fields]], [[Physics:Quantum Electroweak theory|electroweak theory]], and attempts to go beyond the Standard Model.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Electroweak theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]
* [[Physics:Quantum gauge field]]
* [[Biography:Steven Weinberg]]
* [[Biography:Sheldon Glashow]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salam, Abdus}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Abdus Salam|1}}

Biography:Claude Pruneau

2026-05-24T23:04:15Z

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Claude Pruneau
| image = Claude_Pruneau.png
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Claude Pruneau
| birth_place = Quebec City, Canada
| birth_date = November 9, 1960
| fields = [[HandWiki:Physics|Physics]]
| alma_mater = Universite Laval
| work_institutions = Atomic Energy of Canada Limited,<br />McGill University,<br />Wayne State University
| known_for = particle correlation measurements
| signature =
}}

'''Claude Pruneau''' (born November 9, 1960) is a Canadian-American experimental high-energy nuclear physicist. He is a professor of physics at Wayne State University and the author of several books. He is best known for his work on particle correlation measurements in heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider.

==Career==
Pruneau is a French Canadian native born in Quebec City. He completed his studies at Universite Laval where he earned a Ph.D. in physics in 1987. He worked as research fellow successively for the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and McGill University (Montreal). He joined the Wayne State University Faculty in 1992 where he is now professor. He conducts an active research program on the search and study of the Quark Gluon Plasma at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Pruneau is also visiting professor at the Mumbai Indian Institute of Technology (IIT).
Pruneau is a member of the American Physical Society, the Canadian Association of Physicists, and the Union of Concerned Scientists. He enjoys teaching at both the Graduate and Undergraduate levels, as well as offering lectures for the larger public.
Pruneau was acting director of the Wayne State Planetarium. In this capacity, he delivered numerous public lectures on various scientific topics, including the extinction of dinosaurs, the production and use of energy, and the study of the quark gluon plasma, including a TedX talk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n004WOvELN4|title=TEDxDetroit 2011 – Dr Claude Pruneau – The Perfect Liquid|date=8 March 2012 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

One of Pruneau's best known scientific contribution is the analysis and interpretation of two and three particle correlations produced in heavy ion collisions towards the understanding of the dynamics and chemistry of the QCD matter produced in these collisions. Pruneau played a leading role in the development of two and three particle correlation function measurements to identify signatures of the formation of Quark Gluon Plasma in ultra-high energy heavy-ion collisions.
Additionally, within the context of the STAR collaboration, Pruneau lead the design, development, and deployment of event reconstruction software to transform raw data produced by the experiment into kinematical quantities suitable for physics analysis of the heavy-ion collisions studied by the collaboration.

Pruneau participated to several experiments at the Brookaven National Laboratory (BNL) Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS), including experiments E814, E877, and E864 that were among the first collaborations to explore the possibility of producing Quark Gluon Plasma matter in heavy ion collisions at AGS beam energies. In the last two decades, Pruneau focussed his efforts on the STAR experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. In STAR in contributed to the experiment's online system and later lead the team that created the track reconstruction software used by members of the collaboration to transform raw detector data into kinematical quantities suitable for physics analysis of the heavy-ion collisions studied by the collaboration. Pruneau is best known for his scientific contributions towards the analysis and interpretation of two and three particle correlations produced in heavy ion collisions and towards the understanding of the dynamics and chemistry of the QCD matter produced in these collisions.

His recent work include studies of transverse momentum dependent two particle correlators designed to determine the shear viscosity of the quark gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Gonzalez V, Basu S, Ladron De Guevara P, Martin A, and Pruneau CA |title=Extraction of the specific shear viscosity of quark-gluon plasma from two-particle transverse momentum correlations |journal=The European Physical Journal C |year=2021 |volume=81 |issue=5 |page=465 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Pruneau is best known for his scientific contributions towards the analysis and interpretation of two and three particle correlations produced in heavy ion collisions and towards the understanding of the dynamics and chemistry of the QCD matter produced in these collisions.
==Selected publications==
===Books===
* A. Claude A. Pruneau, Data Analysis Techniques for Physical Scientists, Published Fall 2017, Cambridge University Press <ref>{{cite book | last = Pruneau | first = Claude A. | date = 2017 | title = Data Analysis Techniques for Physical Scientists | publisher = Cambridge University Press }} Reviews:
* {{cite journal | last = Harker | first = A. H. | date = March 2018 | issue = 2 | journal = Contemporary Physics | pages = 218 | title = none | volume = 59}}
* {{cite journal | last = Martin-Hein | first = Emilie | date = August 2018 | issue = 8 | journal = Physics Today | pages = 54–55 | title = Mathematical tools to tame big data | volume = 71| doi-access = free }}
* {{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |first=P. |last=Jouvelot |title=Review of Data analysis techniques for physical scientists |url=https://www.computingreviews.com/review/review_review.cfm?review_id=146443 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www.computingreviews.com }}
</ref>
* A. Seeds, Backman, Pruneau, Foundations of Astronomy, 3rd Edition, Wayne State Special Edition with 3 chapters from future book Exploring Astronomy; Book used in AST2010 (2016)
* B. Seeds, Backman, Pruneau, Foundations of Astronomy, 2nd Edition, Wayne State Special Edition with 3 chapters from future book Exploring Astronomy; Book used in AST2010 (2014)
* C. Seeds, Backman, Pruneau, Foundations of Astronomy, Wayne State Special Edition with 3 chapters from future book Exploring Astronomy; Book used in AST2010 (2013)

==Awards and honors==

* Charles H. Gershenson Distinguished Faculty Fellowship 2024 award
* Fellow of the American Physical Society, 2022
* Board of Governors Faculty Recognition Awards, 2019
* Research funded by the US Department of Energy/Nuclear Science Office
* Fellowship FCAR (Quebec), 1986
* Fellowship National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Ph.D.), 1984-1986
* Fellowship National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (M. Sc.), 1983-1984
* Wayne State University, College of Science Teaching Award 2003.
* Wayne State University 2006 President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching
* Nominated for the Michigan President Council Excellence in Teaching award (2007)
* Richard J. Barber Faculty/Staff Recognition Award, Department of Physics (2009)
* 2019 Wayne State University [https://provost.wayne.edu/pdf/arcprogram2019.pdf Board of Governors Faculty Recognition Award]<br />
* 2009 Wayne State University Department of Physics' [https://clas.wayne.edu/physics/people/awards Richard J Barber Faculty Award]<br />
* 2006 Wayne State University President's Award for Excellence in Teaching

==Citation index==
Up to date citation index at INSPIRE: 732 papers found, 720 of them citeable.

Citation summary results citeable papers published only. Average citations per paper: 118.

Breakdown of papers by citations:
* Renowned papers (500+) 27
* Famous papers (250-499) 57
* Very well-known papers (100-249) 143
* Well-known papers (50-99) 145
* Known papers (10-49) 212
* Less known papers (1-9) 104
hHEP index [?] 151

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Claude Pruneau's [https://inspirehep.net/authors/992685?ui-citation-summary=true publications] indexed by INSPIRE-HEP
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pruneau, Claude}}
{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Claude Pruneau|1}}

Biography:Wolfgang Pauli

2026-05-24T23:04:15Z

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Wolfgang Pauli
| image = Wolfgang_Pauli.jpg
| caption = Pauli in the 1940s
| birth_date = 25 April 1900
| birth_place = Vienna, Austria-Hungary
| death_date = 15 December 1958
| death_place = Zurich, Switzerland
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = University of Hamburg; ETH Zurich; Institute for Advanced Study
| alma_mater = Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
| doctoral_advisor = Arnold Sommerfeld
| known_for = Pauli exclusion principle; spin-statistics theorem; neutrino hypothesis; Pauli matrices
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1945)
}}

'''Wolfgang Pauli''' (25 April 1900 - 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born theoretical physicist and one of the central builders of modern [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]]. He is best known for the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two identical fermions in a quantum system can occupy the same quantum state. The principle became essential for understanding atomic structure, chemical periodicity, electron shells, and the stability of matter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1945/pauli/biographical/ |title=Wolfgang Pauli - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Pauli studied under Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich and quickly became known for his sharp criticism and command of the new quantum theory. His early review article on relativity was admired by [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], while his later work helped clarify angular momentum, electron spin, and the algebraic language used in quantum theory. In 1930 he proposed the neutrino as a way to preserve energy conservation in beta decay, an idea later confirmed experimentally.

== Quantum physics ==
Pauli's exclusion principle links the abstract structure of [[Physics:Quantum state|quantum states]] with observable matter. It explains why electrons fill atomic orbitals in ordered shells and why fermionic matter resists collapse. His work is therefore closely connected with [[Physics:Quantum Atomic structure and spectroscopy|atomic structure]], [[Physics:Quantum Multi-electron atoms|multi-electron atoms]], and [[Physics:Quantum Matter Elements and Particles|particles and matter]].

Pauli also contributed to the spin-statistics connection, which relates half-integer spin to fermionic antisymmetry. This connection is one of the conceptual bridges between nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics|quantum field theory]].

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum mechanics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Atomic structure and spectroscopy]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Biography:Werner Heisenberg]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pauli, Wolfgang}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Wolfgang Pauli|1}}

Biography:Julius von Mayer

2026-05-24T23:04:14Z

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{{Short description|German physician, chemist, and physicist}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Julius Robert von Mayer
| image = Julius Robert Mayer von Friedrich Berrer (portrait).jpg
| birth_name = Julius Robert Mayer<ref>Ennobled in 1867.</ref>
| birth_date = 25 November 1814
| birth_place = Heilbronn
| death_date =
| death_place = Heilbronn, German Empire
| residencllllle =
| citizenship =
| nationality = German
| ethnicity =
| field = Physics
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater = University of Tübingen
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = First law of thermodynamics<br>Mechanical equivalent of heat<br>Mayer's reagent<br>Mayer's relation
| prizes = Copley Medal (1871)<br>Poncelet Prize (1869)
}}

'''Julius Robert von Mayer''' (25 November 1814 – 20 March 1878) was a German physician, chemist, and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics. He is best known for enunciating in 1841 one of the original statements of the conservation of energy or what is now known as one of the first versions of the first law of thermodynamics, namely that "energy can be neither created nor destroyed".<ref>Mayer, Robert (1841). Paper: 'Remarks on the Forces of Nature"; as quoted in: Lehninger, A. (1971). Biogenergetics – the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations, 2nd. Ed. London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. [https://archive.org/details/bioenergeticsmol0000lehn  First Law]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=30+ Variations of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics|publisher=IoHT Publications}}</ref> In 1842, Mayer described the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature. His achievements were overlooked and priority for the discovery of the ''mechanical equivalent of heat'' was attributed to James Joule in the following year. He also proposed that plants convert light into chemical energy.

== Early life ==
[[File:Familie-mayer-heilbronn.jpg|thumb|Pharmacist family Mayer from Heilbronn ca. 1820/25, the parents and two of the three sons are shown: probably Carl Gustav and Julius Robert.]]
Mayer was born on 25 November 1814 in Heilbronn, Württemberg (Baden-Württemberg, modern day Germany), the son of a pharmacist. He grew up in Heilbronn. After completing his ''Abitur'', he studied medicine at the University of Tübingen, where he was a member of the ''Corps Guestphalia'', a German Student Corps. During 1838 he attained his doctorate as well as passing the ''Staatsexamen''. After a stay in Paris (1839/40) he left as a ship's physician on a Dutch three-mast sailing ship for a journey to Jakarta.

Although he had hardly been interested before this journey in physical phenomena, his observation that storm-whipped waves are warmer than the calm sea started him thinking about the physical laws, in particular about the physical phenomenon of warmth and the question ''whether the directly developed heat alone (the heat of combustion), or the sum of the quantities of heat developed in direct and indirect ways are to be accounted for in the burning process''. After his return in February 1841 Mayer dedicated his efforts to solve this problem.

In 1841 he settled in Heilbronn and married.

== Development of ideas ==
Even as a young child, Mayer showed an intense interest with various mechanical mechanisms. He was a young man who performed various experiments of the physical and chemical variety. In fact, one of his favorite hobbies was creating various types of electrical devices and air pumps. It was obvious that he was intelligent. Hence, Mayer attended Eberhard-Karls University in May 1832. He studied medicine during his time there.

In 1837, he and some of his friends were arrested for wearing the couleurs of a forbidden organization. The consequences for this arrest included a one year expulsion from the college and a brief period of incarceration. This diversion sent Mayer traveling to Switzerland, France, and the Dutch East Indies. Mayer drew some additional interest in mathematics and engineering from his friend Carl Baur through private tutoring. In 1841, Mayer returned to Heilbronn to practice medicine, but physics became his new passion.

In June 1841 he completed his first scientific paper entitled "On the Quantitative and Qualitative Determination of Forces". It was largely ignored by other professionals in the area. Then, Mayer became interested in the area of heat and its motion. He presented a value in numerical terms for the mechanical equivalent of heat. He also was the first person to describe the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature.

In 1848 he calculated that in the absence of a source of energy the Sun would cool down in only 5000 years, and he suggested that the impact of meteorites kept it hot.<ref>{{cite book| title=The Timetables of Science| first=Alexander| last=Hellemans| author2=Bryan Bunch| publisher=Simon and Schuster| location=New York, New York| year=1988| pages=[https://archive.org/details/timetablesofscie00hell_0/page/316 316]| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofscie00hell_0/page/316}}</ref>

Since he was not taken seriously at the time, his achievements were overlooked and credit was given to James Joule. Mayer almost committed suicide after he discovered this fact. He spent some time in mental institutions to recover from this and the loss of some of his children. Several of his papers were published due to the advanced nature of the physics and chemistry. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1859 by the philosophical faculty at the University of Tübingen. His overlooked work was revived in 1862 by fellow physicist John Tyndall in a lecture at the London Royal Institution. In July 1867 Mayer published "Die Mechanik der Wärme." This publication dealt with the mechanics of heat and its motion. On 5 November 1867 Mayer was awarded personal nobility by the Kingdom of Württemberg (von Mayer) which is the German equivalent of a British knighthood. von Mayer died in Germany in 1878.

After Sadi Carnot stated it for caloric, Mayer was the first person to state the law of the conservation of energy, one of the most fundamental tenets of modern day physics. The law of the conservation of energy states that the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant in any isolated system of objects that interact with each other only by way of forces that are conservative.
Mayer's first attempt at stating the conservation of energy was a paper he sent to Johann Christian Poggendorff's ''Annalen der Physik'', in which he postulated a conservation of force (''Erhaltungssatz der Kraft''). However, owing to Mayer's lack of advanced training in physics, it contained some fundamental mistakes and was not published. Mayer continued to pursue the idea steadfastly and argued with the Tübingen physics professor Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg, who rejected his hypothesis. Nörremberg did, however, give Mayer a number of valuable suggestions on how the idea could be examined experimentally; for example, if kinetic energy transforms into heat energy, water should be warmed by vibration.

Mayer not only performed this demonstration, but determined also the quantitative factor of the transformation, calculating the mechanical equivalent of heat. The result of his investigations was published 1842 in the May edition of Justus von Liebig's ''Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie''.<ref>J. R. von Mayer, ''Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie'' '''43''', 233 (1842).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=J. R.|title=Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Natur|journal=Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie|year=1842|volume=42|issue=2|pages=233–240|hdl=2027/umn.319510020751527|hdl-access=free}}</ref> It was translated as ''Remarks on the Forces of Inorganic Nature''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=J R|title=Remarks on the Forces of Inorganic Nature|journal=Philosophical Magazine|year=1862|volume=24|series=4|issue=162|pages=371–377|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/121900#page/385/mode/1up}}</ref> In his booklet ''Die organische Bewegung im Zusammenhang mit dem Stoffwechsel'' (''The Organic Movement in Connection with the Metabolism'', 1845) he specified the numerical value of the mechanical equivalent of heat: at first as 365 kgf·m/kcal,<ref>The physical unit kgf·m/kcal measures mechanical energy, in kgf·m, against heat energy, in kcal. The mechanical energy is measured on the basis of raising a mass of ''m'' kg to a height of ''h'' m against Earth's gravity. This is equivalent to an energy of ''mgh'' joules, where ''g'' is the standard gravity. Thus, 1 kgf·m/kcal = 9.80665 J/kcal.</ref> later as 425 kgf·m/kcal; the modern values are 4.184 kJ/kcal (426.6 kgf·m/kcal) for the thermochemical calorie and 4.1868 kJ/kcal (426.9 kgf·m/kcal) for the international steam table calorie.

This relation implies that, although work and heat are different forms of energy, they can be transformed into one another. This law is now called the first law of thermodynamics, and led to the formulation of the general principle of conservation of energy, definitively stated by [[Biography:Hermann von Helmholtz|Hermann von Helmholtz]] in 1847.

=== Mayer's relation ===
{{main|Physics:Mayer's relation}}
Mayer derived a relation between specific heat at constant pressure and the specific heat at constant volume for an ideal gas. The relation is:

<math>C_{P,m} - C_{V,m} = R</math>,

where ''C<sub>P,m</sub>'' is the molar specific heat at constant pressure, ''C<sub>V,m</sub>'' is the molar specific heat at constant volume and ''R'' is the gas constant.

== Later life ==
{{hatnote|For dispute over priority with Joule, see main article Mechanical equivalent of heat: Priority.}}

Mayer was aware of the importance of his discovery, but his inability to express himself scientifically led to degrading{{clarify|date=March 2015}} speculation and resistance from the scientific establishment. Contemporary physicists rejected his principle of conservation of energy, and even acclaimed physicists [[Biography:Hermann von Helmholtz|Hermann von Helmholtz]] and James Prescott Joule viewed his ideas with hostility. The former doubted Mayer's qualifications in physical questions, and a bitter dispute over priority developed with the latter.

In 1848 two of his children died rapidly in succession, and Mayer's mental health deteriorated. He attempted suicide on 18 May 1850 and was committed to a mental institution.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} After he was released, he was a broken man and only timidly re-entered public life in 1860. However, in the meantime, his scientific fame had grown and he received a late appreciation of his achievement, although perhaps at a stage where he was no longer able to enjoy it.

He continued to work vigorously as a physician until his death.

== Honors ==
* 1840 Mayer received the Knight Cross of the Order of the Crown (Württemberg).
* 1869 Mayer received the ''prix Poncelet''.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Prix|title=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences|year=1870|page=974|location=Paris|publisher=Gauthier-Villars|volume=Tome 71, Juillet à Décembre 1870|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep5DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA974}}</ref>
* The ''Robert-Mayer-Gymnasium'' and the ''Robert-Mayer-Volks- und Schulsternwarte'' in Heilbronn bear his name.

In chemistry, he invented Mayer's reagent which is used in detecting alkaloids.

== Works ==
* ''Ueber das Santonin : eine Inaugural-Dissertation, welche zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde in der Medicin & Chirurgie unter dem Praesidium von Wilhelm Rapp im July 1838 der öffentlichen Prüfung vorlegt Julius Robert Mayer'' . M. Müller, Heilbronn 1838 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-19678 Digital edition] by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Caneva |first=Kenneth L. |year=1993 |title=Robert Mayer and the Conservation of Energy |publisher=Princeton University Press |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/robertmayerconse0000cane }}

== External links ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayer, Julius Robert Von}}
Category:Thermodynamicists

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Julius von Mayer|1}}

Biography:Lev Landau

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Lev Landau
| image = Lev_Landau.jpg
| caption = Lev Landau
| birth_date = 22 January 1908
| birth_place = Baku, Russian Empire
| death_date = 1 April 1968
| death_place = Moscow, Soviet Union
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Kharkiv Physico-Technical Institute; Institute for Physical Problems
| alma_mater = Leningrad State University
| known_for = Landau theory; Fermi liquid theory; superfluidity; Landau levels; phase transitions
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1962)
}}

'''Lev Landau''' (22 January 1908 - 1 April 1968) was a Soviet theoretical physicist whose work influenced condensed matter physics, quantum mechanics, statistical physics, nuclear physics, and field theory. He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1962/landau/biographical/ |title=Lev Landau - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Landau developed powerful theoretical frameworks for phase transitions, superfluidity, Fermi liquids, diamagnetism, and collective behavior in many-particle systems. His textbook series with Evgeny Lifshitz became one of the defining references of theoretical physics.

== Quantum matter ==
Landau's work is central to [[Physics:Quantum Statistical mechanics|quantum statistical mechanics]] and [[Physics:Quantum Band structure|condensed matter physics]]. Landau levels describe the quantized motion of charged particles in a magnetic field, while Fermi liquid theory explains interacting fermions in metals and helium-3.

His approach to phase transitions and order parameters helped shape later discussions of [[Physics:Quantum phase transition|quantum phase transitions]], critical behavior, and collective excitations in matter.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Statistical mechanics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum phase transition]]
* [[Physics:Quantum critical point]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Fermi surfaces]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Landau, Lev}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Lev Landau|1}}

Biography:Peter Higgs

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Peter Higgs
| image = Peter_Higgs.jpg
| caption = Peter Higgs in 2013
| birth_date = 29 May 1929
| birth_place = Newcastle upon Tyne, England
| death_date = 8 April 2024
| death_place = Edinburgh, Scotland
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = University of Edinburgh
| alma_mater = King's College London
| known_for = Higgs mechanism; Higgs boson
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (2013)
}}

'''Peter Higgs''' (29 May 1929 - 8 April 2024) was a British theoretical physicist best known for work leading to the Higgs mechanism and the prediction of the Higgs boson. The mechanism explains how gauge bosons can acquire mass while preserving the structure of gauge theory, a central ingredient of the [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model|Standard Model]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2013/higgs/biographical/ |title=Peter Higgs - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

In 2012, experiments at CERN announced the discovery of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson. Higgs shared the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics with Francois Englert for the theoretical discovery of the mechanism that contributes to the origin of mass of subatomic particles.

== Quantum field theory ==
The Higgs mechanism belongs to [[Physics:Quantum Field Theory Gauge symmetry|gauge symmetry]] and spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum field theory. It allows the electroweak theory to remain mathematically consistent while describing massive W and Z bosons and a massless photon.

The Higgs field is a scalar field whose nonzero vacuum value changes the behavior of particles moving through the vacuum. This connects Higgs physics with [[Physics:Quantum scalar field|scalar fields]], [[Physics:Quantum vacuum field|vacuum fields]], and electroweak unification.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Electroweak theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum scalar field]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Field Theory Gauge symmetry]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Higgs, Peter}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
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{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Peter Higgs|1}}

Biography:Sheldon Glashow

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sheldon Glashow
| image = Sheldon_Glashow.jpg
| caption = Sheldon Glashow
| birth_date = 5 December 1932
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Harvard University; Boston University
| alma_mater = Cornell University; Harvard University
| doctoral_advisor = Julian Schwinger
| known_for = Electroweak theory; charm quark prediction; GIM mechanism
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)
}}

'''Sheldon Glashow''' (born 5 December 1932) is an American theoretical physicist who helped develop the electroweak theory. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Steven Weinberg|Steven Weinberg]] and [[Biography:Abdus Salam|Abdus Salam]] for contributions to the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1979/glashow/biographical/ |title=Sheldon Glashow - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Glashow's work helped establish the gauge-theory structure of weak interactions. With John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani, he proposed the GIM mechanism, which explained the suppression of flavor-changing neutral currents and implied the existence of the charm quark.

== Electroweak and particle physics ==
Glashow's contributions are part of the route from early weak-interaction models to the [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model|Standard Model]]. His work joins [[Physics:Quantum gauge field|gauge fields]], particle multiplets, and symmetry principles in a framework that became experimentally successful.

The charm quark prediction also helped connect electroweak theory with the emerging quark model and [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)|quantum chromodynamics]].

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Electroweak theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]
* [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)]]
* [[Biography:Steven Weinberg]]
* [[Biography:Abdus Salam]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glashow, Sheldon}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
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{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Sheldon Glashow|1}}

Biography:Murray Gell-Mann

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Murray Gell-Mann
| image = Murray_Gell-Mann.JPG
| caption = Murray Gell-Mann
| birth_date = 15 September 1929
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = 24 May 2019
| death_place = Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = California Institute of Technology; Santa Fe Institute
| alma_mater = Yale University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| doctoral_advisor = Victor Weisskopf
| known_for = Quark model; eightfold way; quantum chromodynamics; strangeness
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1969)
}}

'''Murray Gell-Mann''' (15 September 1929 - 24 May 2019) was an American theoretical physicist who introduced the quark model and helped organize the classification of strongly interacting particles. He received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1969/gell-mann/biographical/ |title=Murray Gell-Mann - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Gell-Mann's eightfold way used symmetry principles to arrange hadrons into families. His quark model gave a deeper explanation of that pattern and became one of the conceptual steps toward [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)|quantum chromodynamics]], the theory of the strong interaction.

== Quarks and QCD ==
The quark model transformed particle physics by treating many observed hadrons as composite systems. In the later Standard Model, quarks interact through gluons described by non-Abelian gauge theory.

Gell-Mann's work connects symmetry, particle classification, [[Physics:Quantum Non-Abelian gauge theory|non-Abelian gauge theory]], and the [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model|Standard Model]]. It also remains important for understanding confinement, hadron structure, and the historical development of QCD.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Non-Abelian gauge theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum confinement problem]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gell-Mann, Murray}}
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Biography:Richard Feynman

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Richard Feynman
| image = Richard_Feynman.jpg
| caption = Richard Feynman
| birth_date = 11 May 1918
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| death_date = 15 February 1988
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Cornell University; California Institute of Technology
| alma_mater = Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Princeton University
| doctoral_advisor = John Archibald Wheeler
| known_for = Path integral formulation; Feynman diagrams; quantum electrodynamics; parton model
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)
}}

'''Richard Feynman''' (11 May 1918 - 15 February 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in [[Physics:Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)|quantum electrodynamics]], the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, and the visual diagrammatic methods now called [[Physics:Quantum Feynman diagrams|Feynman diagrams]]. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga for fundamental work in QED.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/feynman/biographical/ |title=Richard P. Feynman - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Feynman developed a formulation of quantum theory in which amplitudes are obtained by summing over possible histories. This approach, known as the [[Physics:Quantum Path integral formulation|path integral formulation]], became a major tool in particle physics, statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, and quantum field theory.

== Quantum electrodynamics ==
Feynman's diagrams turned complicated perturbative calculations into visual rules for interactions among particles and fields. In QED they represent the exchange of photons between charged particles, but the same diagrammatic logic spread into the broader language of [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics|quantum field theory]].

Feynman also contributed to superfluidity, weak interactions, parton physics, quantum computing ideas, and science education. His lectures and public explanations made him one of the most recognizable physicists of the twentieth century.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Path integral formulation]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Feynman diagrams]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)]]
* [[Biography:Julian Schwinger]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feynman, Richard}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
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{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Richard Feynman|1}}

Biography:Enrico Fermi

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Enrico Fermi
| image = Enrico_Fermi.jpg
| caption = Enrico Fermi
| birth_date = 29 September 1901
| birth_place = Rome, Kingdom of Italy
| death_date = 28 November 1954
| death_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| fields = Physics
| workplaces = University of Rome; Columbia University; University of Chicago
| alma_mater = Scuola Normale Superiore
| known_for = Fermi-Dirac statistics; beta decay theory; nuclear reactor; weak interaction studies
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1938)
}}

'''Enrico Fermi''' (29 September 1901 - 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist whose work shaped quantum statistics, nuclear physics, particle physics, and reactor physics. In quantum theory he is closely associated with Fermi-Dirac statistics, which describes particles with half-integer spin, now called fermions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1938/fermi/biographical/ |title=Enrico Fermi - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

Fermi combined theoretical insight with experimental skill. He developed a theory of beta decay, worked on neutron-induced radioactivity, and led the team that built the first controlled nuclear chain reaction. His name appears across modern physics, from fermions and the Fermi surface to Fermi's golden rule and Fermi energy.

== Quantum physics ==
Fermi-Dirac statistics is fundamental for [[Physics:Quantum Matter Elements and Particles|fermionic matter]], atomic electron shells, metals, neutron stars, and many-body quantum systems. It complements Bose-Einstein statistics and follows from the antisymmetric behavior of identical fermions.

Fermi's theory of beta decay became an early model for the weak interaction and helped connect nuclear transitions with particle creation and annihilation ideas. His work therefore links [[Physics:Quantum Atomic structure and spectroscopy|atomic physics]], nuclear physics, and later [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model|Standard Model]] physics.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Matter Elements and Particles]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Statistical mechanics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Fermi's golden rule]]
* [[Biography:Wolfgang Pauli]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fermi, Enrico}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
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{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Enrico Fermi|1}}

Biography:Hugh Everett III

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Hugh Everett III
| image = Hugh_Everett_III.jpg
| caption = Everett in 1964
| birth_date = 11 November 1930
| birth_place = Washington, D.C., U.S.
| death_date = 19 July 1982
| death_place = McLean, Virginia, U.S.
| fields = Physics; operations research
| alma_mater = Catholic University of America; Princeton University
| doctoral_advisor = John Archibald Wheeler
| known_for = Relative-state formulation; many-worlds interpretation
}}

'''Hugh Everett III''' (11 November 1930 - 19 July 1982) was an American physicist best known for the relative-state formulation of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], later widely associated with the many-worlds interpretation. His work offered a way to treat measurement without adding a special collapse postulate to the ordinary quantum evolution of the wavefunction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Everett |first=Hugh |title=Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=454-462 |year=1957 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.29.454}}</ref>

Everett completed his doctoral work at Princeton under [[Biography:John Archibald Wheeler|John Archibald Wheeler]]. His interpretation was initially controversial and received limited attention, but it later became one of the major approaches discussed in quantum foundations, cosmology, and quantum information.

== Relative states ==
Everett's central idea was that the total wavefunction evolves continuously according to the [[Physics:Quantum Schrödinger equation|Schrödinger equation]]. Instead of a unique collapse outcome, observers become correlated with different branches or relative states of the quantum system.

This approach is closely tied to the [[Physics:Quantum Measurement problem|measurement problem]], [[Physics:Quantum Decoherence|decoherence]], and the question of how classical-looking outcomes arise from quantum dynamics. It remains one of the most discussed interpretations in modern quantum theory.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Interpretations of quantum mechanics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Measurement problem]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Decoherence]]
* [[Biography:John Archibald Wheeler]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Everett, Hugh III}}
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{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Hugh Everett III|1}}

Biography:Hendrik Casimir

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{{Short description|Dutch physicist known for the Casimir effect}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Hendrik Casimir
| image = Hendrik_Casimir_1958.jpg
| caption = Hendrik Casimir in 1958
| birth_date = 15 July 1909
| birth_place = The Hague, Netherlands
| death_date = 4 May 2000
| death_place = Heeze, Netherlands
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = Philips Research Laboratories; Leiden University
| alma_mater = Leiden University
| doctoral_advisor = Paul Ehrenfest
| known_for = Casimir effect; Casimir operator; superconductivity research
}}

'''Hendrik Casimir''' (1909-2000) was a Dutch theoretical physicist known for work in quantum theory, condensed matter physics, and the physics of vacuum fluctuations. He is especially associated with the [[Physics:Quantum Casimir effect|Casimir effect]], a force predicted in 1948 for closely spaced conducting plates in vacuum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir |title=Hendrik Casimir |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref>

Casimir worked with leading European physicists in the early development of quantum mechanics and later became an influential research leader at Philips. His name is also attached to Casimir operators in group theory, which are important in the mathematical description of symmetries in physics.

== Scientific work ==
Casimir's best-known prediction concerns the measurable effect of boundary conditions on quantum vacuum modes. In the ideal parallel-plate case, the allowed electromagnetic modes between the plates differ from those outside, producing an attractive force.

His broader work connected theoretical physics with materials, superconductivity, and industrial research. This made him a bridge between foundational quantum theory and practical physical systems.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Casimir effect]]
* [[Physics:Quantum vacuum field]]
* [[Physics:Quantum zero-point energy]]
* [[Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Casimir, Hendrik}}
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Hendrik Casimir|1}}

Biography:Louis de Broglie

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Louis de Broglie
| image = Louis_de_Broglie.jpg
| caption = Louis de Broglie
| birth_date = 15 August 1892
| birth_place = Dieppe, France
| death_date = 19 March 1987
| death_place = Louveciennes, France
| fields = Physics
| workplaces = University of Paris
| alma_mater = University of Paris
| known_for = Matter waves; de Broglie wavelength; pilot-wave ideas
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1929)
}}

'''Louis de Broglie''' (15 August 1892 - 19 March 1987) was a French physicist who introduced the idea that matter has wave-like properties. His doctoral thesis proposed that particles such as electrons are associated with waves, extending the wave-particle duality of light to material particles. This matter-wave hypothesis became one of the starting points for modern [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1929/broglie/biographical/ |title=Louis de Broglie - Biographical |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

De Broglie's proposal was experimentally supported by electron diffraction and became deeply connected with the later development of the [[Physics:Quantum Wavefunction|wavefunction]]. His relation between momentum and wavelength helped explain why microscopic particles can display interference and diffraction while still being detected as localized events.

== Matter waves ==
The de Broglie wavelength links a particle's momentum with its associated wave character. This idea is central to [[Physics:Quantum Wave–particle duality|wave-particle duality]], [[Physics:Quantum Standing waves and modes|standing waves and modes]], and quantization in bound systems such as atoms.

De Broglie also developed pilot-wave ideas, an attempt to describe particle motion guided by an underlying wave. Although this approach was not the mainstream Copenhagen interpretation, it later influenced hidden-variable and realist approaches to quantum theory.

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Wave–particle duality]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Wavefunction]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Boundary conditions and quantization]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Hidden variable theory]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broglie, Louis de}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
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[[Category:Theoretical physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Louis de Broglie|1}}

Biography:David Bohm

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{{Infobox scientist
| name = David Bohm
| image = David_Bohm.jpg
| caption = David Bohm
| birth_date = 20 December 1917
| birth_place = Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
| death_date = 27 October 1992
| death_place = London, England
| fields = Theoretical physics
| workplaces = University of London; Birkbeck College; Princeton University
| alma_mater = Pennsylvania State University; University of California, Berkeley
| doctoral_advisor = J. Robert Oppenheimer
| known_for = De Broglie-Bohm theory; Bohm diffusion; Aharonov-Bohm effect; plasma theory
}}

'''David Bohm''' (20 December 1917 - 27 October 1992) was an American-British theoretical physicist known for work in quantum foundations, plasma physics, and the interpretation of quantum mechanics. He developed a causal hidden-variable approach to quantum theory, often called de Broglie-Bohm theory or pilot-wave theory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bohm |first=David |title=Quantum Theory |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1951}}</ref>

Bohm's interpretation revived and extended earlier pilot-wave ideas associated with [[Biography:Louis de Broglie|Louis de Broglie]]. It keeps the empirical predictions of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics while describing particles as having definite positions guided by a wavefunction.

== Quantum foundations ==
Bohmian mechanics became a major reference point in debates over [[Physics:Quantum Hidden variable theory|hidden-variable theory]], [[Physics:Quantum nonlocality|nonlocality]], and the measurement problem. It shows that deterministic hidden-variable theories are possible, but at the cost of explicit nonlocal structure.

Bohm also contributed to the Aharonov-Bohm effect, which showed that electromagnetic potentials can have measurable quantum significance even in regions where the classical fields vanish. This result connects quantum phase, gauge structure, and [[Physics:Quantum electromagnetic field|electromagnetic fields]].

== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum Hidden variable theory]]
* [[Physics:Quantum nonlocality]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Bell's theorem]]
* [[Biography:Louis de Broglie]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohm, David}}
[[Category:Quantum physicists]]
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{{Sourceattribution|Biography:David Bohm|1}}

Biography:Yuval Ne'eman

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{{Short description|Theoretical physicist associated with hadron classification}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yuval Ne'eman
| image = Yuval_Ne_eman_(00340473).jpg
| caption = Yuval Ne'eman
| birth_date = 14 May 1925
| birth_place = Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine
| death_date = 26 April 2006
| death_place = Tel Aviv, Israel
| fields = Theoretical physics; particle physics
| work_institutions = Tel Aviv University; University of Texas at Austin
| alma_mater = Imperial College London
| known_for = Eightfold way; hadron classification; SU(3) flavor symmetry
| awards = Israel Prize (1969); Wigner Medal (1982)
}}

'''Yuval Ne'eman''' (14 May 1925 - 26 April 2006) was an Israeli theoretical physicist who independently developed the SU(3) classification of hadrons known as the eightfold way.

== Quantum context ==
The eightfold way organized strongly interacting particles by symmetry patterns before the quark model and quantum chromodynamics gave a deeper explanation. Ne'eman's work helped connect observed hadron multiplets with internal quantum numbers.

In the Quantum Collection he is linked from [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics]] because QCD inherited and explained much of the symmetry structure first seen in hadron spectroscopy.

== Linked Quantum Collection pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum hadron]]
* [[Physics:Quantum quark]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ne'eman |first=Yuval |title=The Eightfold Way |publisher=W. A. Benjamin |year=1964}}
* {{Cite web |title=Yuval Ne'eman |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Neeman/ |publisher=MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive |access-date=2026-05-23}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Yuval Ne'eman|1}}

Biography:Yoichiro Nambu

2026-05-24T23:04:07Z

WikiHarold: Place biography table of contents at upper left

{{Short description|Theoretical physicist known for spontaneous symmetry breaking}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yoichiro Nambu
| image = Yoichiro Nambu.jpg
| caption = Yoichiro Nambu
| birth_date = 18 January 1921
| birth_place = Tokyo, Japan
| death_date = 5 July 2015
| death_place = Osaka, Japan
| fields = Theoretical physics; particle physics; quantum field theory
| work_institutions = University of Chicago; Osaka City University
| alma_mater = University of Tokyo
| known_for = Spontaneous symmetry breaking; Nambu-Goldstone bosons; string theory; color charge
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (2008)
}}

'''Yoichiro Nambu''' (18 January 1921 - 5 July 2015) was a Japanese-American theoretical physicist known for applying spontaneous symmetry breaking to particle physics.

== Quantum context ==
Nambu's work showed how symmetry breaking could explain properties of elementary particles in quantum field theory. The idea became foundational for later gauge theories and for the mechanism behind mass generation in the Standard Model.

He also contributed to the early development of color ideas in quark physics, linking his work to [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics]] and the structure of hadrons.

== Linked Quantum Collection pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum chromodynamics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Standard Model]]
* [[Physics:Quantum quark]]
* [[Physics:Quantum field theory]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2008/summary/ |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nambu |first=Y. |author2=Jona-Lasinio, G. |year=1961 |title=Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I |journal=Physical Review |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=345-358 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.122.345}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Yoichiro Nambu|1}}

Biography:Xue Qikun

2026-05-24T23:04:06Z

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{{Short description|Chinese physicist known for quantum anomalous Hall research}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Xue Qikun
| image = Xue_Qikun_2023.jpg
| caption = Xue Qikun
| birth_date = December 1962
| birth_place = Mengyin County, Shandong, China
| fields = Condensed matter physics; surface science; quantum materials
| work_institutions = Tsinghua University; Southern University of Science and Technology
| alma_mater = Shandong University; Chinese Academy of Sciences
| known_for = Quantum anomalous Hall effect; topological materials; scanning tunneling microscopy
| awards = State Natural Science Award of China; Future Science Prize
}}

'''Xue Qikun''' (born December 1962) is a Chinese experimental physicist known for work on topological materials and the quantum anomalous Hall effect.

== Quantum context ==
Xue's group reported experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological-insulator films. The effect shows quantized Hall conductance without an externally applied magnetic field.

His work links condensed-matter experiment, topology, magnetism, and quantum transport in [[Physics:Quantum anomalous Hall effect]].

== Linked Quantum Collection pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum anomalous Hall effect]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Hall effect]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Topological phases of matter]]
* [[Physics:Quantum materials solid state]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Cui-Zu |author2=Zhang, Jinsong |author3=Feng, Xiao |author4=Shen, Jie |author5=Zhang, Zuocheng |author6=Guo, Minghua |author7=Li, Kang |author8=Ou, Yunbo |author9=Wei, Pang |author10=Wang, Li-Li |author11=Ji, Zhong-Qing |author12=Feng, Yang |author13=Ji, Shuai-Hua |author14=Chen, Xi |author15=Jia, Jinfeng |author16=Dai, Xi |author17=Fang, Zhong |author18=Zhang, Shou-Cheng |author19=He, Ke |author20=Wang, Yayu |author21=Lu, Li |author22=Ma, Xu-Cun |author23=Xue, Qi-Kun |year=2013 |title=Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator |journal=Science |volume=340 |issue=6129 |pages=167-170 |doi=10.1126/science.1234414}}
* {{Cite web |title=Xue Qikun |url=https://www.sustech.edu.cn/en/faculties/xueqikun.html |publisher=Southern University of Science and Technology |access-date=2026-05-23}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Xue Qikun|1}}

Biography:Wojciech H. Zurek

2026-05-24T23:04:06Z

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{{Short description|Theoretical physicist known for decoherence and quantum Darwinism}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Wojciech H. Zurek
| image = Wojciech_H._Zurek.gif
| caption = Wojciech H. Zurek
| birth_date = 1951
| birth_place = Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| fields = Theoretical physics; quantum foundations; quantum information
| work_institutions = Los Alamos National Laboratory; Santa Fe Institute
| alma_mater = AGH University of Science and Technology; University of Texas at Austin
| known_for = Quantum decoherence; einselection; quantum Darwinism; no-cloning theorem
}}

'''Wojciech Hubert Zurek''' (born 1951) is a Polish-American theoretical physicist known for work on quantum decoherence, environment-induced superselection, and quantum Darwinism.

== Quantum context ==
Zurek's work explains how interaction with an environment can suppress observable interference between components of a quantum state. This made decoherence a central mechanism in discussions of measurement, classicality, and open quantum systems.

His ideas connect [[Physics:Quantum decoherence]], [[Physics:Quantum Darwinism]], and [[Physics:Quantum measurement problem]], placing him among the main modern figures in quantum foundations.

== Linked Quantum Collection pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum decoherence]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Darwinism]]
* [[Physics:Quantum measurement problem]]
* [[Physics:Quantum information theory]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zurek |first=W. H. |year=2003 |title=Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=715-775 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.75.715}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zurek |first=W. H. |year=2009 |title=Quantum Darwinism |journal=Nature Physics |volume=5 |pages=181-188 |doi=10.1038/nphys1202}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Wojciech H. Zurek|1}}

Biography:Willis Lamb

2026-05-24T23:04:05Z

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{{Short description|American physicist known for the Lamb shift}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Willis Lamb
| image = Willis_E._Lamb.jpg
| caption = Willis Lamb
| birth_date = 12 July 1913
| birth_place = Los Angeles, California, United States
| death_date = 15 May 2008
| death_place = Tucson, Arizona, United States
| fields = Physics; quantum electrodynamics; atomic physics
| work_institutions = Columbia University; Stanford University; University of Arizona
| alma_mater = University of California, Berkeley
| known_for = Lamb shift; quantum electrodynamics tests; laser theory
| awards = Nobel Prize in Physics (1955)
}}

'''Willis Eugene Lamb Jr.''' (12 July 1913 - 15 May 2008) was an American physicist whose precision spectroscopy of hydrogen revealed the Lamb shift.

== Quantum context ==
The Lamb shift showed that energy levels predicted to coincide by the Dirac equation are slightly separated in real hydrogen. Explaining the shift became a decisive early success for renormalized quantum electrodynamics.

Although the event feed links Lamb from the quantum eraser experiment, his strongest Quantum Collection context is precision atomic physics and QED, where vacuum fluctuations and radiative corrections affect observable spectra.

== Linked Quantum Collection pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum eraser experiment]]
* [[Physics:Quantum electrodynamics]]
* [[Physics:Quantum atoms energy level]]
* [[Physics:Quantum electromagnetic field]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1955/summary/ |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lamb |first=W. E. |author2=Retherford, R. C. |year=1947 |title=Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method |journal=Physical Review |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=241-243 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.72.241}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}

{{Sourceattribution|Biography:Willis Lamb|1}}

Biography:William Whewell

2026-05-24T23:04:05Z

WikiHarold: Place biography table of contents at upper left

{{Short description|English polymath who helped coin scientific terminology}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name = William Whewell
| image = Biography_William_Whewell.jpg
| caption = Whewell
| birth_date = 24 May 1794
| birth_place = Lancaster, England
| death_date = 6 March 1866
| death_place = Cambridge, England
| fields = Philosophy of science; history of science; mathematics
| work_institutions = University of Cambridge
| known_for = Scientific terminology; philosophy of science
}}

'''William Whewell''' (1794-1866) was an English polymath and philosopher of science. He helped [[Biography:Michael Faraday|Michael Faraday]] choose scientific terms used in electrochemistry, including terminology related to ions and electrodes.

== Scientific language ==
Whewell coined or promoted many scientific terms and corresponded with leading experimental scientists. In the history of ions, his role is connected with Faraday's naming of moving charged species in electrolysis.

This terminology later became part of the language used in atomic, chemical, and quantum descriptions of charged particles.

== Quantum Collection links ==
* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/ion]]
* [[Physics:Quantum electron]]
* [[Physics:Quantum atomic nucleus]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite web |title=William Whewell |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Whewell |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite web |title=William Whewell |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Whewell/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive |access-date=2026-05-23}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}