Physics:Quantum Matter wave - Revision history

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	<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">		<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">
	~~{{About\|wave-like phenomena exhibited by particles of matter\|elastic waves propagating through material media\|Mechanical wave}}~~		'''Matter waves''' are a central part of the theory of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics\|quantum mechanics]], being half of wave–particle duality. At all scales where measurements have been practical, matter exhibits wave-like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like a beam of light or a water wave.
	~~{{quantum mechanics}}~~'''Matter waves''' are a central part of the theory of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics\|quantum mechanics]], being half of wave–particle duality. At all scales where measurements have been practical, matter exhibits wave-like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like a beam of light or a water wave.

	The concept that matter behaves like a wave was proposed by French physicist [[Biography:Louis de Broglie\|Louis de Broglie]] () in 1924, and so matter waves are also known as '''de Broglie waves'''.		The concept that matter behaves like a wave was proposed by French physicist [[Biography:Louis de Broglie\|Louis de Broglie]] () in 1924, and so matter waves are also known as '''de Broglie waves'''.
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	==== Neutrons ====		==== Neutrons ====
	~~{{Also\| Neutron diffraction}}~~
	Neutrons, produced in nuclear reactors with kinetic energy of around {{val\|1\|u=MeV}}, thermalize to around {{val\|0.025\|u=eV}} as they scatter from light atoms. The resulting de Broglie wavelength (around {{val\|180\|ul=pm}}) matches interatomic spacing and neutrons scatter strongly from hydrogen atoms. Consequently, neutron matter waves are used in crystallography, especially for biological materials.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Blakeley \|first1=Matthew P \|last2=Langan \|first2=Paul \|last3=Niimura \|first3=Nobuo \|last4=Podjarny \|first4=Alberto \|date=2008-10-01 \|title=Neutron crystallography: opportunities, challenges, and limitations \|journal=Current Opinion in Structural Biology \|series=Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates / Biophysical methods \|volume=18 \|issue=5 \|pages=593–600 \|doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2008.06.009 \|issn=0959-440X \|pmc=2586829 \|pmid=18656544}}</ref> Neutrons were discovered in the early 1930s, and their diffraction was observed in 1936.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mason \|first1=T. E. \|last2=Gawne \|first2=T. J. \|last3=Nagler \|first3=S. E. \|last4=Nestor \|first4=M. B. \|last5=Carpenter \|first5=J. M. \|date=2013-01-01 \|title=The early development of neutron diffraction: science in the wings of the Manhattan Project \|url=https://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/2013/01/00/wl5168/index.html \|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography \|language=en \|volume=69 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–44 \|doi=10.1107/S0108767312036021 \|issn=0108-7673 \|pmc=3526866 \|pmid=23250059}}</ref> In 1944, [[Biography:Ernest O. Wollan\|Ernest O. Wollan]], with a background in X-ray scattering from his PhD work<ref name=PhysicsTodayObit>		Neutrons, produced in nuclear reactors with kinetic energy of around {{val\|1\|u=MeV}}, thermalize to around {{val\|0.025\|u=eV}} as they scatter from light atoms. The resulting de Broglie wavelength (around {{val\|180\|ul=pm}}) matches interatomic spacing and neutrons scatter strongly from hydrogen atoms. Consequently, neutron matter waves are used in crystallography, especially for biological materials.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Blakeley \|first1=Matthew P \|last2=Langan \|first2=Paul \|last3=Niimura \|first3=Nobuo \|last4=Podjarny \|first4=Alberto \|date=2008-10-01 \|title=Neutron crystallography: opportunities, challenges, and limitations \|journal=Current Opinion in Structural Biology \|series=Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates / Biophysical methods \|volume=18 \|issue=5 \|pages=593–600 \|doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2008.06.009 \|issn=0959-440X \|pmc=2586829 \|pmid=18656544}}</ref> Neutrons were discovered in the early 1930s, and their diffraction was observed in 1936.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mason \|first1=T. E. \|last2=Gawne \|first2=T. J. \|last3=Nagler \|first3=S. E. \|last4=Nestor \|first4=M. B. \|last5=Carpenter \|first5=J. M. \|date=2013-01-01 \|title=The early development of neutron diffraction: science in the wings of the Manhattan Project \|url=https://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/2013/01/00/wl5168/index.html \|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography \|language=en \|volume=69 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–44 \|doi=10.1107/S0108767312036021 \|issn=0108-7673 \|pmc=3526866 \|pmid=23250059}}</ref> In 1944, [[Biography:Ernest O. Wollan\|Ernest O. Wollan]], with a background in X-ray scattering from his PhD work<ref name=PhysicsTodayObit>
	{{cite journal		{{cite journal
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	=== Four-vectors ===		=== Four-vectors ===
	~~{{Main\|Physics:Four-vector}}~~

	Using four-vectors, the de Broglie relations form a single equation:		Using four-vectors, the de Broglie relations form a single equation:
	<math display="block">\mathbf{P}= \hbar\mathbf{K} ,</math>		<math display="block">\mathbf{P}= \hbar\mathbf{K} ,</math>
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	=== Collective matter waves ===		=== Collective matter waves ===
	~~{{See also\|Physics:List of quasiparticles}}~~
	Other classes of matter waves involve more than one particle, so are called collective waves and are often quasiparticles. Many of these occur in solids – see Ashcroft and Mermin. Examples include:		Other classes of matter waves involve more than one particle, so are called collective waves and are often quasiparticles. Many of these occur in solids – see Ashcroft and Mermin. Examples include:
	* In solids, an '''electron quasiparticle''' is an electron where interactions with other electrons in the solid have been included. An electron quasiparticle has the same charge and spin as a "normal" (elementary particle) electron and, like a normal electron, it is a fermion. However, its effective mass can differ substantially from that of a normal electron.<ref name="Kaxiras">{{cite book\|first1=Efthimios \|last1=Kaxiras\|title=Atomic and Electronic Structure of Solids\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTL_vgbWpHEC&pg=PA65\|date=9 January 2003\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-52339-4\|pages=65–69 \|}}</ref> Its electric field is also modified, as a result of electric field screening.		* In solids, an '''electron quasiparticle''' is an electron where interactions with other electrons in the solid have been included. An electron quasiparticle has the same charge and spin as a "normal" (elementary particle) electron and, like a normal electron, it is a fermion. However, its effective mass can differ substantially from that of a normal electron.<ref name="Kaxiras">{{cite book\|first1=Efthimios \|last1=Kaxiras\|title=Atomic and Electronic Structure of Solids\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTL_vgbWpHEC&pg=PA65\|date=9 January 2003\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-52339-4\|pages=65–69 \|}}</ref> Its electric field is also modified, as a result of electric field screening.
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	=== Standing matter waves ===		=== Standing matter waves ===
	~~{{See also\|Physics:Standing wave}}~~
	[[File:InfiniteSquareWellAnimation.gif\|thumb\|200px\|right\|Some trajectories of a particle in a box according to Newton's laws of classical mechanics (A), and matter waves (B–F). In (B–F), the horizontal axis is position, and the vertical axis is the real part (blue) and imaginary part (red) of the wavefunction. The states (B,C,D) are energy eigenstates, but (E,F) are not.]]		[[File:InfiniteSquareWellAnimation.gif\|thumb\|200px\|right\|Some trajectories of a particle in a box according to Newton's laws of classical mechanics (A), and matter waves (B–F). In (B–F), the horizontal axis is position, and the vertical axis is the real part (blue) and imaginary part (red) of the wavefunction. The states (B,C,D) are energy eigenstates, but (E,F) are not.]]
	The third class are matter waves which have a wavevector, a wavelength and vary with time, but have a zero group velocity or probability flux. The simplest of these, similar to the notation above would be		The third class are matter waves which have a wavevector, a wavelength and vary with time, but have a zero group velocity or probability flux. The simplest of these, similar to the notation above would be
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	* {{cite web \|last=Bowley\|first=Roger \|title=de Broglie Waves \|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/debroglie.htm \|work=Sixty Symbols \|publisher=[[Biography:Brady Haran\|Brady Haran]] for the University of Nottingham}}		* {{cite web \|last=Bowley\|first=Roger \|title=de Broglie Waves \|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/debroglie.htm \|work=Sixty Symbols \|publisher=[[Biography:Brady Haran\|Brady Haran]] for the University of Nottingham}}
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Matter Wave}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Matter Wave}}
	~~[[Category:Waves]]~~
	~~[[Category:Matter]]~~
	~~[[Category:Foundational quantum physics]]~~

	{{Sourceattribution\|Matter wave}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Matter wave}}

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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Physics:Wave–particle duality\|Wave-particle duality]]		{{#invoke:PhysicsQC\|tocHeadingAndList\|Physics:Quantum basics/See also}}
	* [[Physics:Bohr model\|Bohr model]]
	* [[Physics:Compton wavelength\|Compton wavelength]]
	* [[Physics:Faraday wave\|Faraday wave]]
	* [[Physics:~~Kapitsa–Dirac effect~~\|~~Kapitsa–Dirac effect]]~~
	* [[Physics:Matter wave clock\|~~Matter wave clock]]~~
	* [[Schrödinger equation]]
	* [[Physics:~~Thermal de Broglie wavelength\|Thermal de Broglie wavelength]]~~
	* [[Physics:De Broglie–Bohm theory\|De Broglie–Bohm theory]]
	* [[Physics:Atom interferometer\|Atom interferometer]]

	== References ==		== References ==

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 {{Short description|Quantum mechanical waves describing matter}}
 {{About|wave-like phenomena exhibited by particles of matter|elastic waves propagating through material media|Mechanical wave}}
 {{quantum mechanics}}'''Matter waves''' are a central part of the theory of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], being half of [[Physics:Wave–particle duality|wave–particle duality]]. At all scales where measurements have been practical, [[Philosophy:Matter|matter]] exhibits [[Wave|wave]]-like behavior. For example, a beam of [[Physics:Electron|electron]]s can be [[Physics:Diffraction|diffracted]] just like a beam of light or a water wave.
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 Matter wave concepts are widely used in the study of materials where different wavelength and interaction characteristics of electrons, neutrons, and atoms are leveraged for advanced microscopy and diffraction technologies.
 == History ==

imported>WikiHarold: WikiHarold moved page Physics:Matter wave to Physics:Quantum Matter wave without leaving a redirect

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WikiHarold moved page Physics:Matter wave to Physics:Quantum Matter wave without leaving a redirect

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imported>WikiHarold: WikiHarold moved page Physics:Matter wave to Physics:Quantum Matter wave without leaving a redirect

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WikiHarold moved page Physics:Matter wave to Physics:Quantum Matter wave without leaving a redirect

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:20, 23 May 2026
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Physics:Wave–particle duality\|Wave-particle duality]]		{{#invoke:PhysicsQC\|tocHeadingAndList\|Physics:Quantum basics/See also}}
	* [[Physics:Bohr model\|Bohr model]]
	* [[Physics:Compton wavelength\|Compton wavelength]]
	* [[Physics:Faraday wave\|Faraday wave]]
	* [[Physics:~~Kapitsa–Dirac effect~~\|~~Kapitsa–Dirac effect]]~~
	* [[Physics:Matter wave clock\|~~Matter wave clock]]~~
	* [[Schrödinger equation]]
	* [[Physics:~~Thermal de Broglie wavelength\|Thermal de Broglie wavelength]]~~
	* [[Physics:De Broglie–Bohm theory\|De Broglie–Bohm theory]]
	* [[Physics:Atom interferometer\|Atom interferometer]]

	== References ==		== References ==