Physics:Quantum Scattering theory - Revision history

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 {{Quantum book backlink|Quantum dynamics and evolution}}
 In physics, '''scattering''' is a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as [[light]] or [[sound]], are forced to deviate from a straight [[trajectory]] by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the [[law of reflection]]. Reflections of radiation that undergo scattering are often called ''[[diffuse reflection]]s'' and unscattered reflections are called ''[[specular]]'' (mirror-like) reflections. Originally, the term was confined to light scattering, going back at least as far as [[Isaac Newton]] in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newton |first1=Isaac |title=A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton Containing his New Theory About Light and Colours |journal=Philosophical Transactions |date=1665 |volume=6 |page=3087 |publisher=Royal Society of London}}</ref> As more "ray"-like phenomena were discovered, the concept of scattering was extended, so that [[William Herschel]] could refer to the scattering of heat rays in 1800.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herschel |first1=William |title=Experiments on the Solar, and on the Terrestrial Rays that Occasion Heat |journal=Philosophical Transactions |date=1800 |volume=XC |page=770 |publisher=Royal Society of London}}</ref> [[John Tyndall]] later noted the connection between light scattering and acoustic scattering in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tyndall |first1=John |title=On the Atmosphere as a Vehicle of Sound |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=1874 |volume=164 |page=221 |jstor=109101 |bibcode=1874RSPT..164..183T}}</ref> Near the end of the 19th century, the scattering of cathode rays and X-rays was observed and discussed, and with the discovery of subatomic particles and the development of quantum theory, the meaning of the term became broader as it was recognized that the same mathematical frameworks used in light scattering could be applied to many other phenomena.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merritt |first1=Ernest |title=The Magnetic Deflection of Diffusely Reflected Cathode Rays |journal=Electrical Review |date=5 Oct 1898 |volume=33 |issue=14 |page=217}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Recent Work with Röntgen Rays |journal=Nature |date=30 Apr 1896 |volume=53 |issue=1383 |pages=613–616 |doi=10.1038/053613a0 |bibcode=1896Natur..53..613. |s2cid=4023635}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=E. |last=Rutherford |author-link=Ernest Rutherford |title=The Scattering of α and β rays by Matter and the Structure of the Atom |journal=Philosophical Magazine |volume=6 |page=21 |date=1911}}</ref>
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 Scattering is quantified using many different concepts, including [[Cross section (physics)|scattering cross section]] (σ), [[attenuation coefficient]]s, the [[bidirectional scattering distribution function]] (BSDF), [[S-matrix|S-matrices]], and [[mean free path]].
-[[File:Wine_glass_in_LCD_projectors_beam-y.jpg|thumb|400px|A wine glass in an LCD projector beam causes light to scatter, producing complex patterns due to refraction, diffraction, and interference.]]
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 == Classical and quantum scattering ==
 In classical physics, scattering is often described in terms of trajectories and collisions. Light scattering by small particles leads to phenomena such as [[Rayleigh scattering]], which explains why the sky appears blue. In the classical picture, scattering may arise when waves or particles encounter irregularities in a material, such as density changes in a fluid, defects in a crystal, or roughness on a surface.