Physics:Quantum Semiconductor physics - Revision history

Maintenance script: Update quantum article navigation for Fractional Hall effect

2026-05-22T17:33:08Z

Update quantum article navigation for Fractional Hall effect

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:33, 22 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}
	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum ~~Landau levels~~\|previous label=~~Landau levels~~\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum fractional Hall effect\|previous label=Fractional Hall effect\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}
	<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">		<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">

Maintenance script: Normalize quantum page header order

2026-05-22T11:33:54Z

Normalize quantum page header order

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 22 May 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}

	<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">		<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">

Maintenance script: Clean Book label remnants and backlink spacing

2026-05-22T11:12:13Z

Clean Book label remnants and backlink spacing

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 22 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}

Maintenance script: Remove hidden BOM characters and direct Book label after Short description

2026-05-22T11:04:25Z

Remove hidden BOM characters and direct Book label after Short description

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 22 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}~~Book I~~		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}

Maintenance script: Clean Short description prefix and add Book I label

2026-05-22T10:49:27Z

Clean Short description prefix and add Book I label

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 22 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~~~{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}Book I

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}

Maintenance script: Apply continuous Quantum previous-next navigation

2026-05-20T22:00:21Z

Apply continuous Quantum previous-next navigation

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:00, 20 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~~~{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum ~~Fermi surfaces~~\|previous label=~~Fermi surfaces~~\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}

	<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">		<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">

Maintenance script: Apply Quantum previous-next navigation

2026-05-20T12:26:45Z

Apply Quantum previous-next navigation

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 20 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
			{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Fermi surfaces\|previous label=Fermi surfaces\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}

	<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">		<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">

Maintenance script: Clean missing Book I links and template output

2026-05-20T08:47:50Z

Clean missing Book I links and template output

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 20 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
Line 10:		Line 10:

	<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">		<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">
	'''Quantum dots''' ('''QDs''') or '''semiconductor nanocrystals''' are [[semiconductor]] particles a few ~~[[nanometre]]s~~ in size with [[optical]] and [[electronic]] properties that differ from those of larger particles via ~~[[quantum mechanics\|~~quantum mechanical effects]]. They are a central topic in [[nanotechnology]] and [[materials science]].		'''Quantum dots''' ('''QDs''') or '''semiconductor nanocrystals''' are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects. They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science.

	When a quantum dot is illuminated by [[ultraviolet]] light, an [[electron]] can be excited from the [[valence band]] to the [[conduction band]]. The excited electron can then recombine with a ~~[[electron hole\|~~hole]] in the valence band, releasing its energy as light ([[photoluminescence]]). The emitted color depends on the energy difference between discrete quantum states.		When a quantum dot is illuminated by ultraviolet light, an electron can be excited from the valence band to the conduction band. The excited electron can then recombine with a hole in the valence band, releasing its energy as light (photoluminescence). The emitted color depends on the energy difference between discrete quantum states.
	.]]		.]]
	</div>		</div>
Line 24:		Line 24:
	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

	A quantum dot can be defined as a semiconductor structure that confines electrons or holes in all three spatial dimensions, producing discrete energy levels. This confinement resembles a three-dimensional [[particle in a box]] model.		A quantum dot can be defined as a semiconductor structure that confines electrons or holes in all three spatial dimensions, producing discrete energy levels. This confinement resembles a three-dimensional particle in a box model.

	Because of this, quantum dots behave similarly to atoms and are often referred to as '''artificial atoms'''.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Silbey \|first1=Robert J. \|last2=Alberty \|first2=Robert A. \|last3=Bawendi \|first3=Moungi G. \|title=Physical Chemistry \|edition=4th \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2005 \|page=835}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Ashoori \|first=R. C. \|year=1996 \|title=Electrons in artificial atoms \|journal=Nature \|volume=379 \|pages=413–419 \|doi=10.1038/379413a0}}</ref>		Because of this, quantum dots behave similarly to atoms and are often referred to as '''artificial atoms'''.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Silbey \|first1=Robert J. \|last2=Alberty \|first2=Robert A. \|last3=Bawendi \|first3=Moungi G. \|title=Physical Chemistry \|edition=4th \|publisher=John Wiley & Sons \|year=2005 \|page=835}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Ashoori \|first=R. C. \|year=1996 \|title=Electrons in artificial atoms \|journal=Nature \|volume=379 \|pages=413–419 \|doi=10.1038/379413a0}}</ref>

	The electronic [[wave ~~function]]s~~ in quantum dots resemble those in real atoms, reinforcing their atomic-like behavior.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Banin \|first1=Uri \|last2=Cao \|first2=YunWei \|last3=Katz \|first3=David \|last4=Millo \|first4=Oded \|title=Identification of atomic-like electronic states in indium arsenide nanocrystal quantum dots \|journal=Nature \|volume=400 \|pages=542–544 \|year=1999}}</ref>		The electronic wave functions in quantum dots resemble those in real atoms, reinforcing their atomic-like behavior.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Banin \|first1=Uri \|last2=Cao \|first2=YunWei \|last3=Katz \|first3=David \|last4=Millo \|first4=Oded \|title=Identification of atomic-like electronic states in indium arsenide nanocrystal quantum dots \|journal=Nature \|volume=400 \|pages=542–544 \|year=1999}}</ref>

	== Quantum confinement ==		== Quantum confinement ==
Line 35:		Line 35:

	* Energy levels become discrete		* Energy levels become discrete
	* The effective [[band gap]] increases		* The effective band gap increases
	* Emission shifts toward shorter wavelengths (blue shift)		* Emission shifts toward shorter wavelengths (blue shift)

Line 44:		Line 44:
	== Optical and electronic properties ==		== Optical and electronic properties ==

	Quantum dots exhibit properties intermediate between bulk semiconductors and atoms. Their [[optoelectronic]] behavior depends strongly on size, shape, and composition.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Murray \|first1=C. B. \|last2=Kagan \|first2=C. R. \|last3=Bawendi \|first3=M. G. \|title=Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals \|journal=Annual Review of Materials Research \|volume=30 \|pages=545–610 \|year=2000}}</ref>		Quantum dots exhibit properties intermediate between bulk semiconductors and atoms. Their optoelectronic behavior depends strongly on size, shape, and composition.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Murray \|first1=C. B. \|last2=Kagan \|first2=C. R. \|last3=Bawendi \|first3=M. G. \|title=Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals \|journal=Annual Review of Materials Research \|volume=30 \|pages=545–610 \|year=2000}}</ref>

	Key features include:		Key features include:
Line 113:		Line 113:
	* LEDs and displays (QLED technology)		* LEDs and displays (QLED technology)
	* solar cells		* solar cells
	* [[quantum computing]] and qubits		* quantum computing and qubits
	* [[single-electron ~~transistor]]s~~		* single-electron transistors
	* ~~[[laser]]s~~ and [[single-photon ~~source]]s~~		* lasers and single-photon sources
	* [[medical imaging]] and biological labeling		* medical imaging and biological labeling

	Their ability to emit specific wavelengths makes them ideal for high-color-accuracy displays and optical devices.		Their ability to emit specific wavelengths makes them ideal for high-color-accuracy displays and optical devices.
Line 122:		Line 122:
	== Optical properties ==		== Optical properties ==

	Quantum dots have highly tunable optical behavior due to confinement of ~~[[exciton]]s~~.		Quantum dots have highly tunable optical behavior due to confinement of excitons.

	An exciton consists of:		An exciton consists of:
Line 138:		Line 138:
	== Health and safety ==		== Health and safety ==

	Some quantum dots, particularly those containing [[cadmium]], may pose health and environmental risks.		Some quantum dots, particularly those containing cadmium, may pose health and environmental risks.

	Toxicity depends on:		Toxicity depends on:
Line 145:		Line 145:
	* Environmental conditions		* Environmental conditions

	Under certain conditions (e.g. UV exposure), quantum dots can release toxic ions or generate [[reactive oxygen species]].		Under certain conditions (e.g. UV exposure), quantum dots can release toxic ions or generate reactive oxygen species.

	Research continues into safer alternatives such as:		Research continues into safer alternatives such as:

Maintenance script: Clean Book I red links, intro, and image slots

2026-05-20T08:17:20Z

Clean Book I red links, intro, and image slots

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 20 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
Line 111:		Line 111:
	Quantum dots are widely used due to their tunable properties:		Quantum dots are widely used due to their tunable properties:

	* ~~[[Light-emitting diode\|~~LEDs]] and displays (QLED technology)		* LEDs and displays (QLED technology)
	* ~~[[Quantum dot solar cell\|~~solar cells]]		* solar cells
	* [[quantum computing]] and qubits		* [[quantum computing]] and qubits
	* [[single-electron transistor]]s		* [[single-electron transistor]]s
Line 128:		Line 128:
	* A hole in the valence band		* A hole in the valence band

	These are bound by Coulomb interaction. When the dot size approaches the exciton [[Bohr radius]], confinement increases the band gap energy.		These are bound by Coulomb interaction. When the dot size approaches the exciton Bohr radius, confinement increases the band gap energy.

	As a result:		As a result:

Harold: Arrange page top as TOC lead image columns

2026-05-17T14:02:37Z

Arrange page top as TOC lead image columns

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 17 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}

			<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">

			<div style="width:280px;">
			__TOC__
			</div>

			<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">
	'''Quantum dots''' ('''QDs''') or '''semiconductor nanocrystals''' are [[semiconductor]] particles a few [[nanometre]]s in size with [[optical]] and [[electronic]] properties that differ from those of larger particles via [[quantum mechanics\|quantum mechanical effects]]. They are a central topic in [[nanotechnology]] and [[materials science]].		'''Quantum dots''' ('''QDs''') or '''semiconductor nanocrystals''' are [[semiconductor]] particles a few [[nanometre]]s in size with [[optical]] and [[electronic]] properties that differ from those of larger particles via [[quantum mechanics\|quantum mechanical effects]]. They are a central topic in [[nanotechnology]] and [[materials science]].

	When a quantum dot is illuminated by [[ultraviolet]] light, an [[electron]] can be excited from the [[valence band]] to the [[conduction band]]. The excited electron can then recombine with a [[electron hole\|hole]] in the valence band, releasing its energy as light ([[photoluminescence]]). The emitted color depends on the energy difference between discrete quantum states.		When a quantum dot is illuminated by [[ultraviolet]] light, an [[electron]] can be excited from the [[valence band]] to the [[conduction band]]. The excited electron can then recombine with a [[electron hole\|hole]] in the valence band, releasing its energy as light ([[photoluminescence]]). The emitted color depends on the energy difference between discrete quantum states.
	[[File:Quantum_dots_UV_fluorescence_yellow_bg.jpg\|thumb\|~~400px~~\|~~Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with ultraviolet light. Differently sized quantum dots emit different colors due to [[quantum confinement]]~~.]]		.]]
			</div>

			<div style="width:300px;">
			[[File:Quantum_dots_UV_fluorescence_yellow_bg.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Quantum Semiconductor physics.]]
			</div>

			</div>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 22 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Semiconductor physics}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Condensed matter and solid-state physics}}
	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Landau levels\|previous label=Landau levels\|next=Physics:Quantum Phonons\|next label=Phonons}}