Physics:Quantum Ultra fast lasers - Revision history

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	{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}
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	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}~~Book I~~		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}

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	~~~~{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}Book I

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}

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	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}

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	* Femtosecond lasers (<math>10^{-15}</math> s)		'''Ultrafast lasers''' generate extremely short pulses of coherent light, from femtosecond to attosecond time scales and beyond. In quantum optics they make it possible to observe and control processes that unfold faster than ordinary electronic or mechanical measurements can follow.
	* Attosecond lasers (<math>10^{-18}</math> s)
	* Zeptosecond lasers (<math>10^{-21}</math> s)
	* Yoctosecond timescales (<math>10^{-24}</math> s)
	* Rontosecond timescales (<math>10^{-27}</math> s)

	Ultrafast lasers ~~represent a new frontier in photonics and quantum optics, enabling the generation~~ of light ~~pulses with durations spanning~~ from ~~femtoseconds (10⁻¹⁵ seconds) down~~ to ~~theoretical yoctoseconds (10⁻²⁴ seconds)~~. ~~These brief bursts of coherent light allow researchers~~ to ~~"freeze"~~ and ~~investigate ultrafast phenomena~~ that ~~occur on atomic,~~ electronic, and even subnuclear timescales, processes that are to fast for traditional observation methods. From capturing the movement of electrons in atoms to probing the inner workings of quark-gluon plasmas, ultrafast lasers have transformed our understanding of matter, energy, and time itself.

	~~The evolution of ultrafast laser technology traces back~~ to ~~the 1960s with mode~~-~~locking for picosecond pulses~~, ~~through the femtosecond era in the 1980s~~ and ~~1990s, and reaching attosecond capabilities~~ in ~~the early 2000s~~. ~~Key innovations,~~ such as chirped pulse amplification ~~(CPA)~~, ~~recognized with the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics for Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou, and~~ high-harmonic generation ~~(HHG)~~, ~~honored in the 2023 Nobel for Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L'Huillier, brought this field forward. Recent advancements, including zeptosecond measurements in 2020~~ and ~~experimental attosecond X-ray lasers by 2025, continue to push boundaries, with yoctosecond pulses emerging as a theoretical horizon for exploring quantum chromodynamics and beyond.~~		These pulses are used to study electron motion, molecular vibration, chemical reactions, solid-state phase transitions, and light-matter interaction in real time. Techniques such as mode locking, chirped pulse amplification, high-harmonic generation, and time-resolved X-ray probing connect ultrafast laser physics with spectroscopy, condensed matter physics, plasma physics, and quantum dynamics.

	This learning project explores the principles, generation methods, historical milestones, and applications of ultrafast lasers across progressively shorter timescales.Through detailed explanations, diagrams, and quizzes, this resource aims to demystify these complex technologies for students, researchers, and enthusiasts. Whether you're study quantum mechanics or exploring practical applications in medicine and computing, ultrafast lasers illuminate the unseen universe.

	~~Ultrafast~~ time-resolved X-ray ~~probes as tools in solid-state~~ physics and Chemistry applied in research. This type of work will lead to a deeper understanding of how light induced processes alter the structure of matter. The dynamic behaviour of solids is closely linked to the motion of their atoms, with ~~the critical timescale being that of a typical atomic vibration~~, ~~roughly 100 femtoseconds (10⁻¹³ seconds). This is exactly the window in which molecular motions~~, ~~chemical reactions and solid-state phase transitions take place.~~

	~~Unlike today’s femtosecond laser-based probes, X-rays have wavelengths comparable to the spacing between atoms themselves. That match lets us image atomic displacements directly. For this reason~~, ~~X-ray diffraction is the obvious~~ and ~~most powerful method for tracking how atomic structures evolve in real time.~~

	Ever since their discovery, X-rays have remained the gold-standard tool for determining atomic arrangements. The development of time-resolved X-ray diffraction probes with sub-picosecond resolution will unlock transformative new science by showing rapidly changing structures as they happen. At present, advancing this work through international collaborations that gives access to the femtosecond X-ray sources already available worldwide.
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	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}
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	* ~~[[:Physics:Quantum_Ultra_fast_lasers#Femtosecond Pulse Lasers\|~~Femtosecond lasers (<math>10^{-15}</math> s)]]		* Femtosecond lasers (<math>10^{-15}</math> s)
	* ~~[[:Physics:Quantum_Ultra_fast_lasers#Attosecond Pulse Lasers\|~~Attosecond lasers (<math>10^{-18}</math> s)]]		* Attosecond lasers (<math>10^{-18}</math> s)
	* ~~[[:Physics:Quantum_Ultra_fast_lasers#Zeptosecond Pulse Lasers and Measurements\|~~Zeptosecond lasers (<math>10^{-21}</math> s)]]		* Zeptosecond lasers (<math>10^{-21}</math> s)
	* ~~[[:Physics:Quantum_Ultra_fast_lasers#Yoctosecond Pulse Lasers\|~~Yoctosecond timescales (<math>10^{-24}</math> s)]]		* Yoctosecond timescales (<math>10^{-24}</math> s)
	* ~~[[:Physics:Quantum_Ultra_fast_lasers#Rontosecond Pulse Lasers\|~~Rontosecond timescales (<math>10^{-27}</math> s)]]		* Rontosecond timescales (<math>10^{-27}</math> s)

	Ultrafast lasers represent a new frontier in photonics and quantum optics, enabling the generation of light pulses with durations spanning from femtoseconds (10⁻¹⁵ seconds) down to theoretical yoctoseconds (10⁻²⁴ seconds). These brief bursts of coherent light allow researchers to "freeze" and investigate ultrafast phenomena that occur on atomic, electronic, and even subnuclear timescales, processes that are to fast for traditional observation methods. From capturing the movement of electrons in atoms to probing the inner workings of quark-gluon plasmas, ultrafast lasers have transformed our understanding of matter, energy, and time itself.		Ultrafast lasers represent a new frontier in photonics and quantum optics, enabling the generation of light pulses with durations spanning from femtoseconds (10⁻¹⁵ seconds) down to theoretical yoctoseconds (10⁻²⁴ seconds). These brief bursts of coherent light allow researchers to "freeze" and investigate ultrafast phenomena that occur on atomic, electronic, and even subnuclear timescales, processes that are to fast for traditional observation methods. From capturing the movement of electrons in atoms to probing the inner workings of quark-gluon plasmas, ultrafast lasers have transformed our understanding of matter, energy, and time itself.
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	* '''Kerr Lens Mode-Locking (KLM)''': The laser medium (e.g., Ti:sapphire crystal) acts as a Kerr medium, where intense light induces a refractive index change, creating a self-focusing effect that favors pulsed operation over continuous wave.		* '''Kerr Lens Mode-Locking (KLM)''': The laser medium (e.g., Ti:sapphire crystal) acts as a Kerr medium, where intense light induces a refractive index change, creating a self-focusing effect that favors pulsed operation over continuous wave.

	* '''Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)''': To boost power without damaging optics, pulses are stretched (chirped) in time, amplified, and then compressed back to femtosecond durations. This is crucial for high-energy applications.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=~~[[Wikipedia:~~Donna Strickland~~\|Donna Strickland]]~~\|last2=Mourou \|first2=Gérard \|title=Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses \|journal=Optics Communications \|volume=56 \|issue=3 \|pages=219–221 \|date=December 1985 \|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(85)90120-8 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0030401885901208 }}</ref>		* '''Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)''': To boost power without damaging optics, pulses are stretched (chirped) in time, amplified, and then compressed back to femtosecond durations. This is crucial for high-energy applications.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Donna Strickland\|last2=Mourou \|first2=Gérard \|title=Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses \|journal=Optics Communications \|volume=56 \|issue=3 \|pages=219–221 \|date=December 1985 \|doi=10.1016/0030-4018(85)90120-8 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0030401885901208 }}</ref>

	* '''Dispersion Control''': Prisms, gratings, or chirped mirrors compensate for group velocity dispersion in the cavity to maintain short pulse widths.		* '''Dispersion Control''': Prisms, gratings, or chirped mirrors compensate for group velocity dispersion in the cavity to maintain short pulse widths.
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	* Zeptosecond Breakthroughs (2010s–Present) Zeptosecond (10⁻²¹ seconds) pulses, a thousand times shorter than attoseconds, emerged as theoretical concepts in the early 2010s. In 2013, researchers proposed methods using mid-infrared lasers and HHG with multiple electron rescatterings to generate zeptosecond X-ray waveforms. Another approach involved relativistic plasma mirrors for compressing pulses to zeptosecond durations. The first experimental measurement of a zeptosecond timescale occurred in 2020 at Goethe University Frankfurt and DESY, where scientists recorded 247 zeptoseconds, the time for a photon to traverse a hydrogen molecule, using X-ray pulses from the PETRA III accelerator. This built on attosecond techniques and marked a new record in time resolution.		* Zeptosecond Breakthroughs (2010s–Present) Zeptosecond (10⁻²¹ seconds) pulses, a thousand times shorter than attoseconds, emerged as theoretical concepts in the early 2010s. In 2013, researchers proposed methods using mid-infrared lasers and HHG with multiple electron rescatterings to generate zeptosecond X-ray waveforms. Another approach involved relativistic plasma mirrors for compressing pulses to zeptosecond durations. The first experimental measurement of a zeptosecond timescale occurred in 2020 at Goethe University Frankfurt and DESY, where scientists recorded 247 zeptoseconds, the time for a photon to traverse a hydrogen molecule, using X-ray pulses from the PETRA III accelerator. This built on attosecond techniques and marked a new record in time resolution.
	'''~~[[:Biography:Dimitar_Popmintchev\|~~Dimitar popmintchev]]''' is a physicist at TU Wien's Photonics Institute, specializing in high-harmonic generation (HHG) for coherent EUV/soft X-ray sources.		'''Dimitar popmintchev''' is a physicist at TU Wien's Photonics Institute, specializing in high-harmonic generation (HHG) for coherent EUV/soft X-ray sources.
	===Key contributions:===		===Key contributions:===
	* Efficient soft X-ray HHG in ionized plasmas (''Science'', 2015).<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Popmintchev \|first=Dimitar \|last2=Chen \|first2=Ming-Chang \|last3=Arpin \|first3=Paul \|last4=Murnane \|first4=Margaret M. \|last5=Kapteyn \|first5=Henry C. \|title=Ultraviolet surprise: Efficient soft x-ray high-harmonic generation in multiply ionized plasmas \|journal=Science \|volume=350 \|issue=6265 \|pages=1225–1231 \|date=2015 \|doi=10.1126/science.aac9755}}</ref>		* Efficient soft X-ray HHG in ionized plasmas (''Science'', 2015).<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Popmintchev \|first=Dimitar \|last2=Chen \|first2=Ming-Chang \|last3=Arpin \|first3=Paul \|last4=Murnane \|first4=Margaret M. \|last5=Kapteyn \|first5=Henry C. \|title=Ultraviolet surprise: Efficient soft x-ray high-harmonic generation in multiply ionized plasmas \|journal=Science \|volume=350 \|issue=6265 \|pages=1225–1231 \|date=2015 \|doi=10.1126/science.aac9755}}</ref>
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	== Rontosecond Pulse Lasers ==		== Rontosecond Pulse Lasers ==
	[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic)]]		[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic)]]
	[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic)]]The '''rontosecond''' (symbol: '''rs''') is the ~~[[Wikipedia:SI prefix\|~~SI-prefixed unit]] of time equal to '''one octillionth of a second''' ('''10<sup>−27</sup> s'''). It is one of the smallest named units of time in the International System of Units (SI).		[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic)]]The '''rontosecond''' (symbol: '''rs''') is the SI-prefixed unit of time equal to '''one octillionth of a second''' ('''10<sup>−27</sup> s'''). It is one of the smallest named units of time in the International System of Units (SI).
	Compared to ronnaseconds/years: 31.69 quintillion years (<math>10^{27}</math>seconds)		Compared to ronnaseconds/years: 31.69 quintillion years (<math>10^{27}</math>seconds)
	== Official Adoption of the Prefix ==		== Official Adoption of the Prefix ==
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	\| quote = ronto (r) = 10⁻²⁷		\| quote = ronto (r) = 10⁻²⁷
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
	The names were proposed by the UK’s ~~[[Wikipedia:~~National Physical Laboratory~~\|National Physical Laboratory]]~~ (NPL). “Ronto” derives from the French word “ronde” (round/small), chosen for its phonetic similarity to “ronna” (10<sup>27</sup>).<ref name="BIPM2022" />		The names were proposed by the UK’s National Physical Laboratory (NPL). “Ronto” derives from the French word “ronde” (round/small), chosen for its phonetic similarity to “ronna” (10<sup>27</sup>).<ref name="BIPM2022" />
	This extension of SI prefixes addresses the growing need for smaller units in data science, quantum computing, and particle physics measurements.		This extension of SI prefixes addresses the growing need for smaller units in data science, quantum computing, and particle physics measurements.
	== Natural Phenomena at Rontosecond Scales ==		== Natural Phenomena at Rontosecond Scales ==
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	=See also=		=See also=
	{{#invoke:PhysicsQC\|tocHeadingAndList\|Physics:Quantum basics/See also}}		{{#invoke:PhysicsQC\|tocHeadingAndList\|Physics:Quantum basics/See also}}
	* ~~[[Wikipedia:~~Yoctosecond~~\|Yoctosecond]]~~		* Yoctosecond
	* ~~[[Wikipedia:~~Zeptosecond~~\|Zeptosecond]]~~		* Zeptosecond
	* ~~[[Wikipedia:SI prefixes\|~~SI prefixes]]		* SI prefixes
	* ~~[[Wikipedia:Orders of magnitude (time)\|~~Orders of magnitude (time)]]		* Orders of magnitude (time)
	* ~~[[Wikipedia:Diósi–Penrose model\|~~Diósi–Penrose model]]		* Diósi–Penrose model
	===Learning Activities===		===Learning Activities===
	* '''Simulation exercise''': Use computational tools (e.g., Python with NumPy/SciPy) to model pulse propagation in a plasma. Calculate the pulse duration for varying electron densities.		* '''Simulation exercise''': Use computational tools (e.g., Python with NumPy/SciPy) to model pulse propagation in a plasma. Calculate the pulse duration for varying electron densities.

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	</div>		</div>

	{{Sourceattribution\|Quantum Ultra fast lasers\|1}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Physics:Quantum Ultra fast lasers\|1}}

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	For X-ray femtosecond pulses, methods like high-harmonic generation or free-electron lasers are used, building on optical femtosecond drivers.		For X-ray femtosecond pulses, methods like high-harmonic generation or free-electron lasers are used, building on optical femtosecond drivers.

	= Attosecond Pulse Lasers =		== Attosecond Pulse Lasers ==

	== What Are Attosecond Pulse Lasers? ==		== What Are Attosecond Pulse Lasers? ==

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	[[File:Potential energy curves.jpg]]		[[File:Potential energy curves.jpg]]
	= Future Developments =		== Future Developments ==
	==Yoctosecond Pulse Lasers==		==Yoctosecond Pulse Lasers==

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	* '''Detection''': Measuring such pulses requires detectors with yoctosecond resolution, which are not yet developed.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/how-to-make-zeptosecond-x-ray-pulses\|title=How to make zeptosecond X-ray pulses\|publisher=Physics World}}</ref>		* '''Detection''': Measuring such pulses requires detectors with yoctosecond resolution, which are not yet developed.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/how-to-make-zeptosecond-x-ray-pulses\|title=How to make zeptosecond X-ray pulses\|publisher=Physics World}}</ref>

	=Rontosecond Pulse Lasers=		== Rontosecond Pulse Lasers ==

	[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic)]]		[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic)]]
	[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic)]]The '''rontosecond''' (symbol: '''rs''') is the [[Wikipedia:SI prefix\|SI-prefixed unit]] of time equal to '''one octillionth of a second''' ('''10<sup>−27</sup> s'''). It is one of the smallest named units of time in the International System of Units (SI).		[[File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg\|thumb\|Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic)]]The '''rontosecond''' (symbol: '''rs''') is the [[Wikipedia:SI prefix\|SI-prefixed unit]] of time equal to '''one octillionth of a second''' ('''10<sup>−27</sup> s'''). It is one of the smallest named units of time in the International System of Units (SI).

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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	= Femtosecond Pulse Lasers =		== Femtosecond Pulse Lasers ==

	== What Are Femtosecond Pulse Lasers? ==		== What Are Femtosecond Pulse Lasers? ==
	Femtosecond pulse lasers produce extremely short bursts of light, with durations on the order of femtoseconds (1 femtosecond = 10⁻¹⁵ seconds, or one quadrillionth of a second). This is about a thousand times longer than attosecond pulses but still incredibly brief, comparable to the timescale of molecular vibrations or electron movements in chemical bonds. These pulses allow for precise control over energy delivery, minimizing heat transfer to surrounding materials, which makes them ideal for applications requiring high accuracy without thermal damage.		Femtosecond pulse lasers produce extremely short bursts of light, with durations on the order of femtoseconds (1 femtosecond = 10⁻¹⁵ seconds, or one quadrillionth of a second). This is about a thousand times longer than attosecond pulses but still incredibly brief, comparable to the timescale of molecular vibrations or electron movements in chemical bonds. These pulses allow for precise control over energy delivery, minimizing heat transfer to surrounding materials, which makes them ideal for applications requiring high accuracy without thermal damage.

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	{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}		{{Short description\|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum Ultra fast lasers}}

	{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}		{{Quantum book backlink\|Quantum optics and experiments}}
	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum optics beam splitter experiments\|previous label=Optics beam splitter experiments\|next=Physics:Quantum Experimental quantum physics\|next label=Experimental quantum physics}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum optics beam splitter experiments\|previous label=Optics beam splitter experiments\|next=Physics:Quantum Experimental quantum physics\|next label=Experimental quantum physics}}