Physics:Quantum Zeeman effect - Revision history

WikiHarold: Restore missing Quantum reference definitions

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	==Discovery==		==Discovery==
	In 1896 Zeeman learned that his laboratory possessed one of Henry Augustus Rowland's highest-resolution diffraction gratings. Inspired by James Clerk Maxwell’s account of [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]]’s unsuccessful attempts to influence light using magnetism, Zeeman asked whether improved spectroscopic methods might reveal such an effect.<ref name=PaisInward/>{{rp\|75}}		In 1896 Zeeman learned that his laboratory possessed one of Henry Augustus Rowland's highest-resolution diffraction gratings. Inspired by James Clerk Maxwell’s account of [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]]’s unsuccessful attempts to influence light using magnetism, Zeeman asked whether improved spectroscopic methods might reveal such an effect.<ref name=PaisInward>{{Cite book \|last=Pais \|first=Abraham \|title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world \|date=2002 \|publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] \|isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 \|edition=Reprint \|location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp\|75}}

	Using a slit source and a flame containing sodium, he first observed a slight broadening of the sodium lines when a strong magnet was energized around the flame.<ref name=PaisInward/>{{rp\|76}} When he switched to cadmium, the line splitting became unmistakable. Lorentz showed that the effect could be interpreted in terms of his electron theory, and the discovery rapidly became one of the major empirical foundations of early electron physics.<ref name=PaisInward/>{{rp\|77}} In his Nobel lecture Zeeman described the apparatus and displayed the spectrographic images directly.<ref name="ZeemanNobel" />		Using a slit source and a flame containing sodium, he first observed a slight broadening of the sodium lines when a strong magnet was energized around the flame.<ref name=PaisInward/>{{rp\|76}} When he switched to cadmium, the line splitting became unmistakable. Lorentz showed that the effect could be interpreted in terms of his electron theory, and the discovery rapidly became one of the major empirical foundations of early electron physics.<ref name=PaisInward/>{{rp\|77}} In his Nobel lecture Zeeman described the apparatus and displayed the spectrographic images directly.<ref name="ZeemanNobel">{{Cite web \|last=Pieter \|first=Zeeman \|date=1902 \|title=Pieter Zeeman Nobel Lecture \|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204904/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|archive-date=2018-11-15 \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref>

	==Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect==		==Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect==
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	==References==		= References =
	{{reflist\|3}}		{{reflist\|3}}

	{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}		{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}
	{{Sourceattribution\|Physics:Quantum Zeeman effect\|1}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Physics:Quantum Zeeman effect\|1}}

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	~~The~~ '''Zeeman effect''' (~~{{IPA\|nl\|ˈzeːmɑn\|lang}}~~) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It arises from the interaction of the external field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron, associated with both its orbital angular momentum and spin. Because different magnetic sublevels shift by different amounts, a single spectral line can separate into several components. The effect is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and later shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz.<ref name=PaisInward>{{Cite book \|last=Pais \|first=Abraham \|title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world \|date=2002 \|publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] \|isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 \|edition=Reprint \|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="ZeemanNobel">{{Cite web \|last=Pieter \|first=Zeeman \|date=1902 \|title=Pieter Zeeman Nobel Lecture \|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204904/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|archive-date=2018-11-15 \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref>		'''Zeeman effect''' the Zeeman effect () is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It arises from the interaction of the external field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron, associated with both its orbital angular momentum and spin. Because different magnetic sublevels shift by different amounts, a single spectral line can separate into several components. The effect is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and later shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz. The Zeeman effect is the magnetic analogue of the Stark effect, which is the splitting of spectral lines by an electric field. It is important both conceptually and practically: the spacing between Zeeman components depends on magnetic-field strength, so the effect is widely used to measure magnetic fields in atoms, plasmas, sunspots, and stars. ▶ Play movie Explanation of how the magnetic field on a star affects the light emitted .]] , including fine structure and hyperfine structure splitting. In 1896 Zeeman learned that his laboratory possessed one of Henry Augustus Rowland's highest-resolution diffraction gratings.

	The Zeeman effect is the magnetic analogue of the Stark effect, which is the splitting of spectral lines by an electric field. It is important both conceptually and practically: the spacing between Zeeman components depends on magnetic-field strength, so the effect is widely used to measure magnetic fields in atoms, plasmas, sunspots, and stars.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Schad \|first=Thomas A. \|last2=Petrie \|first2=Gordon J.D. \|last3=Kuhn \|first3=Jeffrey R. \|last4=Fehlmann \|first4=Andre \|last5=Rimmele \|first5=Thomas \|last6=Tritschler \|first6=Alexandra \|last7=Woeger \|first7=Friedrich \|last8=Scholl \|first8=Isabelle \|last9=Williams \|first9=Rebecca \|last10=Harrington \|first10=David \|last11=Paraschiv \|first11=Alin R. \|last12=Szente \|first12=Judit \|date=2024-09-13 \|title=Mapping the Sun’s coronal magnetic field using the Zeeman effect \|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq1604 \|journal=Science Advances \|language=en \|volume=10 \|issue=37 \|doi=10.1126/sciadv.adq1604 \|issn=2375-2548 \|pmc=11421591 \|pmid=39259791}}</ref>
	~~<div style="float:right; border:1px solid #ccc; padding:4px; background:#ffffe0; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:250px; text-align:center;">~~

	~~'''[https://freetocopy.co.nl/Quantum/Animations%20of%20atomic%20physics/Explanation_of_how_the_magnetic_field_on_a_star_affects_the_light_emitted.mp4~~ ▶ Play movie]
	~~<div style="font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;">~~
	Explanation of how the magnetic field on a star affects the light emitted
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
	.]]
	, including fine structure and hyperfine structure splitting. ~~Here <math>F=J+I</math>, where <math>I</math> is the nuclear spin (for {{sup\|87}}Rb, <math>I=\frac{3}{2}</math>)~~.]]
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	The '''Zeeman effect''' ({{IPA\|nl\|ˈzeːmɑn\|lang}}) is the splitting of a [[Spectral line\|spectral line]] into several components in the presence of a static [[Magnetic field\|magnetic field]]. It arises from the interaction of the external field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron, associated with both its [[Physics:Angular momentum\|orbital angular momentum]] and [[Spin\|spin]]. Because different magnetic sublevels shift by different amounts, a single spectral line can separate into several components. The effect is named after the Dutch physicist [[Biography:Pieter Zeeman\|Pieter Zeeman]], who discovered it in 1896 and later shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Hendrik Lorentz\|Hendrik Lorentz]].<ref name=PaisInward>{{Cite book \|last=Pais \|first=Abraham \|title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world \|date=2002 \|publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] \|isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 \|edition=Reprint \|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="ZeemanNobel">{{Cite web \|last=Pieter \|first=Zeeman \|date=1902 \|title=Pieter Zeeman Nobel Lecture \|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204904/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|archive-date=2018-11-15 \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref>		The '''Zeeman effect''' ({{IPA\|nl\|ˈzeːmɑn\|lang}}) is the splitting of a [[Spectral line\|spectral line]] into several components in the presence of a static [[Magnetic field\|magnetic field]]. It arises from the interaction of the external field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron, associated with both its [[Physics:Angular momentum\|orbital angular momentum]] and [[Spin\|spin]]. Because different magnetic sublevels shift by different amounts, a single spectral line can separate into several components. The effect is named after the Dutch physicist [[Biography:Pieter Zeeman\|Pieter Zeeman]], who discovered it in 1896 and later shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Biography:Hendrik Lorentz\|Hendrik Lorentz]].<ref name=PaisInward>{{Cite book \|last=Pais \|first=Abraham \|title=Inward bound: of matter and forces in the physical world \|date=2002 \|publisher=Clarendon Press [u.a.] \|isbn=978-0-19-851997-3 \|edition=Reprint \|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="ZeemanNobel">{{Cite web \|last=Pieter \|first=Zeeman \|date=1902 \|title=Pieter Zeeman Nobel Lecture \|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115204904/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/lecture/ \|archive-date=2018-11-15 \|access-date=2024-03-01 \|website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref>

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	'''[https://freetocopy.co.nl/Quantum/Animations%20of%20atomic%20physics/Explanation_of_how_the_magnetic_field_on_a_star_affects_the_light_emitted.mp4 ▶ Play movie~~]'''~~		'''[https://freetocopy.co.nl/Quantum/Animations%20of%20atomic%20physics/Explanation_of_how_the_magnetic_field_on_a_star_affects_the_light_emitted.mp4 ▶ Play movie]
	~~[[File:Zeeman-effect.jpg\|250px]~~]
	<div style="font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;">		<div style="font-size:90%; margin-top:4px;">
	Explanation of how the magnetic field on a star affects the light emitted		Explanation of how the magnetic field on a star affects the light emitted
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			.]]
			, including fine structure and hyperfine structure splitting. Here <math>F=J+I</math>, where <math>I</math> is the nuclear spin (for {{sup\|87}}Rb, <math>I=\frac{3}{2}</math>).]]
	</div>		</div>

	~~[[File~~:ZeemanEffectIllus.png\|thumb\|The spectral lines of a mercury vapor lamp at wavelength 546.1 nm, showing the anomalous Zeeman effect. (A) Without magnetic field. (B) With magnetic field, spectral lines split as transverse Zeeman effect. (C) With magnetic field, split as longitudinal Zeeman effect. The spectral lines were obtained using a [[Fabry–Pérot interferometer]].]]		<div style="width:300px;">
	[[File:~~Breit-rabi-~~Zeeman-en.~~svg~~\|thumb\|~~420px~~\|Zeeman ~~splitting of the 5s level of [[Rubidium\|{{sup\|87}}Rb~~]]~~, including fine structure and hyperfine structure splitting. Here <math>F=J+I~~</~~math~~>~~, where <math>I</math> is the nuclear spin (for {{sup\|87}}Rb, <math>I=\frac{3}{2}~~</~~math~~>~~).]]~~		[[File:Zeeman-effect.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Quantum Zeeman effect.]]
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	==Discovery==		==Discovery==

imported>WikiHarold: Replace raw Quantum Collection backlink with B backlink template

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