Physics:Quantum atoms/ion - Revision history

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	A '''cation''' is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a net positive charge.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Douglas W. Haywick, Ph.D. \|last2=University of South Alabama \|author-link2=University of South Alabama \|date=2007–2008 \|title=Elemental Chemistry \|url=http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/111-4.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204134213/http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/111-4.pdf \|archive-date=4 December 2011 \|access-date=22 November 2013 \|publisher=usouthal.edu}}</ref>		A '''cation''' is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a net positive charge.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Douglas W. Haywick, Ph.D. \|last2=University of South Alabama \|author-link2=University of South Alabama \|date=2007–2008 \|title=Elemental Chemistry \|url=http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/111-4.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204134213/http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/111-4.pdf \|archive-date=4 December 2011 \|access-date=22 November 2013 \|publisher=usouthal.edu}}</ref>

	The words ''anion'' and ''cation'' come from Greek roots connected with motion toward electrodes. They were introduced by [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]] following consultation with William Whewell.<ref name="Frank A-1991">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lknVoNGj30C&q=The%20Correspondence%20of%20Michael%20Faraday%20whewell&pg=PA183 \|title=The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Vol. 2: 1832–1840 \|year=1991\|editor-last=Frank A. J. L. James \|page=183 \|access-date=16 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164907/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lknVoNGj30C&q=The%20Correspondence%20of%20Michael%20Faraday%20whewell&pg=PA183 \|archive-date=14 April 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref>		The words ''anion'' and ''cation'' come from Greek roots connected with motion toward electrodes. They were introduced by [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]] following consultation with [[Biography:William Whewell\|William Whewell]].<ref name="Frank A-1991">{{Cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lknVoNGj30C&q=The%20Correspondence%20of%20Michael%20Faraday%20whewell&pg=PA183 \|title=The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Vol. 2: 1832–1840 \|year=1991\|editor-last=Frank A. J. L. James \|page=183 \|access-date=16 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164907/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lknVoNGj30C&q=The%20Correspondence%20of%20Michael%20Faraday%20whewell&pg=PA183 \|archive-date=14 April 2021 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Because electrons are light and spread out as matter waves, anions are usually larger than their neutral parent atoms, while cations are usually smaller. A hydrogen cation, H<sup>+</sup>, is essentially a bare proton.		Because electrons are light and spread out as matter waves, anions are usually larger than their neutral parent atoms, while cations are usually smaller. A hydrogen cation, H<sup>+</sup>, is essentially a bare proton.
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	== Historical names ==		== Historical names ==
	* [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]] introduced the word ''ion'' for charged species moving between electrodes.		* [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]] introduced the word ''ion'' for charged species moving between electrodes.
	* William Whewell helped Faraday choose related terms such as ''anion'' and ''cation''.		* [[Biography:William Whewell\|William Whewell]] helped Faraday choose related terms such as ''anion'' and ''cation''.
	* [[Biography:Svante Arrhenius\|Svante Arrhenius]] explained electrolytic dissociation into charged particles in solution.		* [[Biography:Svante Arrhenius\|Svante Arrhenius]] explained electrolytic dissociation into charged particles in solution.

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	In biological systems, ion gradients across cell membranes are essential for signaling, metabolism, and cell function.		In biological systems, ion gradients across cell membranes are essential for signaling, metabolism, and cell function.

			== Historical names ==
			* [[Biography:Michael Faraday\|Michael Faraday]] introduced the word ''ion'' for charged species moving between electrodes.
			* William Whewell helped Faraday choose related terms such as ''anion'' and ''cation''.
			* [[Biography:Svante Arrhenius\|Svante Arrhenius]] explained electrolytic dissociation into charged particles in solution.

	== History ==		== History ==

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	~~{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/transition\|previous label=Atoms/transition\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/orbital\|next label=Atoms/orbital}}~~



	{{Short description\|Atom or molecule with a net electric charge}}		{{Short description\|Atom or molecule with a net electric charge}}
	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}
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	{{Short description\|Atom or molecule with a net electric charge}}I		{{Short description\|Atom or molecule with a net electric charge}}

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	~~~~{{Short description\|Atom or molecule with a net electric charge}}		{{Short description\|Atom or molecule with a net electric charge}}Book II

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