Physics:Quantum atoms/isotopes of hydrogen - Revision history

WikiHarold: Expand short Quantum intro

2026-05-23T23:02:14Z

Expand short Quantum intro

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:02, 23 May 2026
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	<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">		<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">
	~~'''~~Hydrogen isotopes~~'''~~ are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kondev \|first=F. G. \|last2=Wang \|first2=M. \|last3=Huang \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Naimi \|first4=S. \|last5=Audi \|first5=G. \|title=The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties \|journal=Chinese Physics C \|year=2021 \|volume=45 \|issue=3 \|page=030001 \|doi=10.1088/1674-1137/abddae}}</ref> The three named isotopes are '''protium~~''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>)~~, ~~'''~~deuterium~~''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D)~~, and ~~'''~~tritium~~''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T)~~.		Hydrogen isotopes are a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. They are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Isotopic mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system, producing measurable isotope shifts in atomic spectra. Nuclear spin also affects hyperfine structure and molecular behavior. Hydrogen isotopes are important in precision spectroscopy, isotope chemistry, fusion research, nuclear physics, cosmology, and tests of simple quantum systems.

	~~Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects~~ the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope ~~shifts~~, and ~~precision spectroscopy~~ of ~~hydrogen-like~~ systems.
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WikiHarold: Move Quantum references inline

2026-05-23T22:15:16Z

Move Quantum references inline

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:15, 23 May 2026
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	<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">		<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;">
	'''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons. The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T).		'''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kondev \|first=F. G. \|last2=Wang \|first2=M. \|last3=Huang \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Naimi \|first4=S. \|last5=Audi \|first5=G. \|title=The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties \|journal=Chinese Physics C \|year=2021 \|volume=45 \|issue=3 \|page=030001 \|doi=10.1088/1674-1137/abddae}}</ref> The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T).

	Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems.		Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems.
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	== Quantum effects ==		== Quantum effects ==
	Different hydrogen isotopes have slightly different atomic energy levels because the nuclear mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system. These isotope shifts are measured in high-precision spectroscopy.		Different hydrogen isotopes have slightly different atomic energy levels because the nuclear mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system. These isotope shifts are measured in high-precision spectroscopy.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Prohaska \|first=Thomas \|last2=Irrgeher \|first2=Johanna \|last3=Benefield \|first3=Jacqueline \|last4=Böhlke \|first4=John K. \|last5=Chesson \|first5=Lesley A. \|title=Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 \|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry \|year=2022 \|doi=10.1515/pac-2019-0603}}</ref>

	The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts.		The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts.
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist\|3}}		{{reflist\|3}}
	* {{Cite journal \|last=Kondev \|first=F. G. \|last2=Wang \|first2=M. \|last3=Huang \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Naimi \|first4=S. \|last5=Audi \|first5=G. \|title=The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties \|journal=Chinese Physics C \|year=2021 \|volume=45 \|issue=3 \|page=030001 \|doi=10.1088/1674-1137/abddae}}
	* {{Cite web \|title=Standard Atomic Weights: Hydrogen \|url=https://www.ciaaw.org/hydrogen.htm \|website=CIAAW \|year=2009 \|access-date=2026-05-24}}
	* {{Cite journal \|last=Prohaska \|first=Thomas \|last2=Irrgeher \|first2=Johanna \|last3=Benefield \|first3=Jacqueline \|last4=Böhlke \|first4=John K. \|last5=Chesson \|first5=Lesley A. \|title=Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 \|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry \|year=2022 \|doi=10.1515/pac-2019-0603}}
	* {{Cite web \|author=IUPAC \|title=Tritium \|work=Compendium of Chemical Terminology \|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/T06513 \|doi=10.1351/goldbook.T06513 \|access-date=2026-05-24}}

	{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}		{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}

WikiHarold: Replace Quantum references with Wikipedia-sourced references

2026-05-23T22:03:05Z

Replace Quantum references with Wikipedia-sourced references

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:03, 23 May 2026
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist\|3}}		{{reflist\|3}}
	* {{Cite web \|title=Hydrogen \|url=https://www.~~britannica~~.~~com/science~~/hydrogen \|website=~~Encyclopaedia Britannica~~ \|access-date=2026-05-23}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Kondev \|first=F. G. \|last2=Wang \|first2=M. \|last3=Huang \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Naimi \|first4=S. \|last5=Audi \|first5=G. \|title=The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties \|journal=Chinese Physics C \|year=2021 \|volume=45 \|issue=3 \|page=030001 \|doi=10.1088/1674-1137/abddae}}
	* {{Cite ~~web~~ \|~~title~~=~~Isotopes of hydrogen~~ \|~~url~~=~~https://www~~.~~britannica~~.~~com/science/hydrogen/Isotopes-~~of~~-hydrogen~~ \|~~website~~=~~Encyclopaedia Britannica~~ \|~~access-date~~=~~2026~~-05-23}}		* {{Cite web \|title=Standard Atomic Weights: Hydrogen \|url=https://www.ciaaw.org/hydrogen.htm \|website=CIAAW \|year=2009 \|access-date=2026-05-24}}
	* {{Cite web \|title=Tritium \|url=https://~~www~~.~~epa~~.~~gov~~/~~radiation~~/~~radionuclide-basics-tritium~~ \|~~publisher~~=~~United States Environmental Protection Agency~~ \|access-date=2026-05-23}}		* {{Cite journal \|last=Prohaska \|first=Thomas \|last2=Irrgeher \|first2=Johanna \|last3=Benefield \|first3=Jacqueline \|last4=Böhlke \|first4=John K. \|last5=Chesson \|first5=Lesley A. \|title=Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 \|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry \|year=2022 \|doi=10.1515/pac-2019-0603}}
			* {{Cite web \|author=IUPAC \|title=Tritium \|work=Compendium of Chemical Terminology \|url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/T06513 \|doi=10.1351/goldbook.T06513 \|access-date=2026-05-24}}

	{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}		{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}

WikiHarold: Use Quantum See also index module

2026-05-23T21:57:47Z

Use Quantum See also index module

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 23 May 2026
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Physics:Quantum ~~atoms~~/~~hydrogen]]~~		{{#invoke:PhysicsQC\|tocHeadingAndList\|Physics:Quantum basics/See also/Matter}}
	* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/~~energy level]]~~
	* [[Physics:Quantum Spectral lines and series]]
	* [[Physics:Quantum atomic nucleus]]
	* isotope shifts in atomic spectra

	== References ==		== References ==

WikiHarold: Remove leading BOM from Quantum page

2026-05-23T21:55:40Z

Remove leading BOM from Quantum page

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	{{Short description\|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}		{{Short description\|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}
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WikiHarold: Repair Quantum page See also and references

2026-05-23T21:53:42Z

Repair Quantum page See also and references

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	{{Short description\|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}		{{Short description\|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}
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	The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts.		The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts.

	== ~~Related pages~~ ==		== See also ==
	* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/hydrogen]]		* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/hydrogen]]
	* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/energy level]]		* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/energy level]]

WikiHarold: Restore Quantum article header layout

2026-05-23T21:41:47Z

Restore Quantum article header layout

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	{{Short description\|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}		{{Short description\|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}
	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}
			<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;">

	~~[[File~~:~~Blausen 0530 HydrogenIsotopes.png\|thumb\|right\|The three commonly discussed isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium.]]~~		<div style="width:280px;">
			__TOC__
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	'''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons. The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T).		'''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons. The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T).

	Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems.		Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems.
			</div>

			<div style="width:300px;">
			[[File:Blausen 0530 HydrogenIsotopes.png\|thumb\|280px\|The three commonly discussed isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium.]]
			</div>

			</div>

	== Main isotopes ==		== Main isotopes ==

Maintenance script: Create Quantum Collection hydrogen isotopes page

2026-05-23T10:31:07Z

Create Quantum Collection hydrogen isotopes page

New page

{{Short description|Hydrogen isotopes and their quantum relevance}}
{{Quantum matter backlink|Atoms}}

[[File:Blausen 0530 HydrogenIsotopes.png|thumb|right|The three commonly discussed isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium, and tritium.]]

'''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons. The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T).

Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems.

== Main isotopes ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Isotope
! Symbol
! Nucleus
! Stability
! Notes
|-
| Protium
| <math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>
| one proton
| stable
| Most common hydrogen isotope; no neutron.
|-
| Deuterium
| <math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D
| one proton and one neutron
| stable
| Used in heavy water, isotope labeling, and precision spectroscopy.
|-
| Tritium
| <math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T
| one proton and two neutrons
| radioactive
| Beta emitter with a half-life of about 12.3 years; used in tracing and fusion research.
|}

== Quantum effects ==
Different hydrogen isotopes have slightly different atomic energy levels because the nuclear mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system. These isotope shifts are measured in high-precision spectroscopy.

The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts.

== Related pages ==
* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/hydrogen]]
* [[Physics:Quantum atoms/energy level]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Spectral lines and series]]
* [[Physics:Quantum atomic nucleus]]
* isotope shifts in atomic spectra

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* {{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite web |title=Isotopes of hydrogen |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen/Isotopes-of-hydrogen |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite web |title=Tritium |url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-tritium |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2026-05-23}}

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}