Physics:Quantum atoms/orbital - Revision history

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History

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	== History ==		== History ==
	Early atomic models treated electrons as orbiting particles. J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.<ref name="referenceC">{{cite journal \|last1=Thomson \|first1=J. J. \|title=XL. Cathode Rays \|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science \|date=October 1897 \|volume=44 \|issue=269 \|pages=293–316 \|doi=10.1080/14786449708621070 }}</ref> Hantaro Nagaoka proposed an orbit-based model in 1904.<ref name="Nagaoka 1904 445–455">{{cite journal \|last1=Nagaoka \|first1=H. \|title=LV. Kinetics of a system of particles illustrating the line and the band spectrum and the phenomena of radioactivity \|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science \|date=May 1904 \|volume=7 \|issue=41 \|pages=445–455 \|doi=10.1080/14786440409463141 }}</ref> Niels Bohr later introduced quantized electron orbits in 1913.<ref name="Bohr 1913 476">{{cite journal \|last1=Nicholson \|first1=J. W. \|title=The Constitution of Atoms and Molecules \|journal=Nature \|date=May 1914 \|volume=93 \|issue=2324 \|pages=268–269 \|doi=10.1038/093268a0 \|bibcode=1914Natur..93..268N \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		Early atomic models treated electrons as orbiting particles. [[Biography:J. J. Thomson\|J. J. Thomson]] discovered the electron in 1897.<ref name="referenceC">{{cite journal \|last1=Thomson \|first1=J. J. \|title=XL. Cathode Rays \|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science \|date=October 1897 \|volume=44 \|issue=269 \|pages=293–316 \|doi=10.1080/14786449708621070 }}</ref> [[Biography:Hantaro Nagaoka\|Hantaro Nagaoka]] proposed an orbit-based model in 1904.<ref name="Nagaoka 1904 445–455">{{cite journal \|last1=Nagaoka \|first1=H. \|title=LV. Kinetics of a system of particles illustrating the line and the band spectrum and the phenomena of radioactivity \|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science \|date=May 1904 \|volume=7 \|issue=41 \|pages=445–455 \|doi=10.1080/14786440409463141 }}</ref> [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] later introduced quantized electron orbits in 1913.<ref name="Bohr 1913 476">{{cite journal \|last1=Nicholson \|first1=J. W. \|title=The Constitution of Atoms and Molecules \|journal=Nature \|date=May 1914 \|volume=93 \|issue=2324 \|pages=268–269 \|doi=10.1038/093268a0 \|bibcode=1914Natur..93..268N \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	The modern orbital concept emerged after the development of quantum mechanics, de Broglie matter waves, the Schrödinger equation, and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Heisenberg \|first1=W. \|title=Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik \|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik \|date=March 1927 \|volume=43 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=172–198 \|doi=10.1007/BF01397280 \|bibcode=1927ZPhy...43..172H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Bohr \| first=Niels\| title=The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory\|journal=Nature \|date=April 1928\| volume=121 \| pages=580–590\|doi=10.1038/121580a0 \|bibcode = 1928Natur.121..580B\| issue=3050 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>		The modern orbital concept emerged after the development of quantum mechanics, de Broglie matter waves, the Schrödinger equation, and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Heisenberg \|first1=W. \|title=Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik \|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik \|date=March 1927 \|volume=43 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=172–198 \|doi=10.1007/BF01397280 \|bibcode=1927ZPhy...43..172H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Bohr \| first=Niels\| title=The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory\|journal=Nature \|date=April 1928\| volume=121 \| pages=580–590\|doi=10.1038/121580a0 \|bibcode = 1928Natur.121..580B\| issue=3050 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>

	The term ''orbital'' was introduced by Robert S. Mulliken in 1932 as a shortened form of ''one-electron orbital wave function''.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Mulliken \|first1=Robert S. \|title=Electronic Structures of Polyatomic Molecules and Valence. II. General Considerations \|journal=Physical Review \|date=July 1932 \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=49–71 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.41.49 \|bibcode=1932PhRv...41...49M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Murrell \|first1=John N \|title=The origins and later developments of molecular orbital theory \|journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry \|date=5 September 2012 \|volume=112 \|issue=17 \|pages=2875–2879 \|doi=10.1002/qua.23293 }}</ref>		The term ''orbital'' was introduced by [[Biography:Robert S. Mulliken\|Robert S. Mulliken]] in 1932 as a shortened form of ''one-electron orbital wave function''.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Mulliken \|first1=Robert S. \|title=Electronic Structures of Polyatomic Molecules and Valence. II. General Considerations \|journal=Physical Review \|date=July 1932 \|volume=41 \|issue=1 \|pages=49–71 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.41.49 \|bibcode=1932PhRv...41...49M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Murrell \|first1=John N \|title=The origins and later developments of molecular orbital theory \|journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry \|date=5 September 2012 \|volume=112 \|issue=17 \|pages=2875–2879 \|doi=10.1002/qua.23293 }}</ref>

	== Properties ==		== Properties ==

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	These transitions produce spectral lines and are central to atomic spectroscopy.		These transitions produce spectral lines and are central to atomic spectroscopy.

			== Historical names ==
			* [[Biography:Erwin Schrödinger\|Erwin Schrödinger]] introduced wave mechanics, from which atomic orbitals arise as wavefunctions.
			* [[Biography:Max Born\|Max Born]] gave the probability interpretation of the wavefunction.
			* [[Biography:Wolfgang Pauli\|Wolfgang Pauli]] and [[Biography:Friedrich Hund\|Friedrich Hund]] helped explain how orbitals are occupied in many-electron atoms.

	== History ==		== History ==

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