Physics:Quantum atoms/transition - Revision history

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History

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	Danish physicist [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] first proposed quantum jumps in 1913.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Gleick\|first=James\|date=1986-10-21\|title=PHYSICISTS FINALLY GET TO SEE QUANTUM JUMP WITH OWN EYES\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/science/physicists-finally-get-to-see-quantum-jump-with-own-eyes.html\|access-date=2021-12-06\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the Franck–Hertz experiment by [[Biography:James Franck\|James Franck]] and [[Biography:Gustav Hertz\|Gustav Hertz]] experimentally confirmed that atoms possess quantized energy states.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Franck-Hertz experiment {{!}} physics {{!}} Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Franck-Hertz-experiment\|access-date=2021-12-06\|website=www.britannica.com\|language=en}}</ref>		Danish physicist [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] first proposed quantum jumps in 1913.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Gleick\|first=James\|date=1986-10-21\|title=PHYSICISTS FINALLY GET TO SEE QUANTUM JUMP WITH OWN EYES\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/science/physicists-finally-get-to-see-quantum-jump-with-own-eyes.html\|access-date=2021-12-06\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the Franck–Hertz experiment by [[Biography:James Franck\|James Franck]] and [[Biography:Gustav Hertz\|Gustav Hertz]] experimentally confirmed that atoms possess quantized energy states.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Franck-Hertz experiment {{!}} physics {{!}} Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Franck-Hertz-experiment\|access-date=2021-12-06\|website=www.britannica.com\|language=en}}</ref>

	In 1975, Hans Dehmelt predicted that individual quantum jumps could be observed directly. In 1986, quantum jumps were experimentally observed using trapped ions of barium and mercury.<ref name=":0" />		In 1975, [[Biography:Hans Dehmelt\|Hans Dehmelt]] predicted that individual quantum jumps could be observed directly. In 1986, quantum jumps were experimentally observed using trapped ions of barium and mercury.<ref name=":0" />

	== Recent discoveries ==		== Recent discoveries ==

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	== Historical names ==		== Historical names ==
			* [[Biography:William Hyde Wollaston\|William Hyde Wollaston]] observed dark lines in the solar spectrum in 1802, before Fraunhofer mapped them systematically. These observations became part of the experimental history of spectroscopy and quantum atomic transitions.
	* [[Biography:Joseph von Fraunhofer\|Joseph von Fraunhofer]] mapped dark absorption lines in the solar spectrum. Fraunhofer lines became a key observational background for spectroscopy and the later quantum explanation of atomic transitions.		* [[Biography:Joseph von Fraunhofer\|Joseph von Fraunhofer]] mapped dark absorption lines in the solar spectrum. Fraunhofer lines became a key observational background for spectroscopy and the later quantum explanation of atomic transitions.
	* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.		* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.

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	== Historical names ==		== Historical names ==
			* [[Biography:Joseph von Fraunhofer\|Joseph von Fraunhofer]] mapped dark absorption lines in the solar spectrum. Fraunhofer lines became a key observational background for spectroscopy and the later quantum explanation of atomic transitions.
	* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.		* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.
	* [[Biography:Albert Einstein\|Albert Einstein]] developed transition probabilities for absorption and emission processes.		* [[Biography:Albert Einstein\|Albert Einstein]] developed transition probabilities for absorption and emission processes.

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	* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.		* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.
	* [[Biography:Albert Einstein\|Albert Einstein]] developed transition probabilities for absorption and emission processes.		* [[Biography:Albert Einstein\|Albert Einstein]] developed transition probabilities for absorption and emission processes.
	* James Franck and Gustav Hertz experimentally confirmed discrete atomic excitation energies.		* [[Biography:James Franck\|James Franck]] and [[Biography:Gustav Hertz\|Gustav Hertz]] experimentally confirmed discrete atomic excitation energies.

	== History ==		== History ==
	Danish physicist [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] first proposed quantum jumps in 1913.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Gleick\|first=James\|date=1986-10-21\|title=PHYSICISTS FINALLY GET TO SEE QUANTUM JUMP WITH OWN EYES\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/science/physicists-finally-get-to-see-quantum-jump-with-own-eyes.html\|access-date=2021-12-06\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the Franck–Hertz experiment by James Franck and Gustav Hertz experimentally confirmed that atoms possess quantized energy states.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Franck-Hertz experiment {{!}} physics {{!}} Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Franck-Hertz-experiment\|access-date=2021-12-06\|website=www.britannica.com\|language=en}}</ref>		Danish physicist [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] first proposed quantum jumps in 1913.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Gleick\|first=James\|date=1986-10-21\|title=PHYSICISTS FINALLY GET TO SEE QUANTUM JUMP WITH OWN EYES\|language=en-US\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/21/science/physicists-finally-get-to-see-quantum-jump-with-own-eyes.html\|access-date=2021-12-06\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the Franck–Hertz experiment by [[Biography:James Franck\|James Franck]] and [[Biography:Gustav Hertz\|Gustav Hertz]] experimentally confirmed that atoms possess quantized energy states.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Franck-Hertz experiment {{!}} physics {{!}} Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Franck-Hertz-experiment\|access-date=2021-12-06\|website=www.britannica.com\|language=en}}</ref>

	In 1975, Hans Dehmelt predicted that individual quantum jumps could be observed directly. In 1986, quantum jumps were experimentally observed using trapped ions of barium and mercury.<ref name=":0" />		In 1975, Hans Dehmelt predicted that individual quantum jumps could be observed directly. In 1986, quantum jumps were experimentally observed using trapped ions of barium and mercury.<ref name=":0" />

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	* '''X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy''' uses incident X-rays to eject electrons from surfaces and determine elemental composition from their binding energies.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy \|url=https://serc.carleton.edu/msu_nanotech/methods/xps.html \|access-date=2025-12-09 \|website=Methods \|language=en}}</ref>		* '''X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy''' uses incident X-rays to eject electrons from surfaces and determine elemental composition from their binding energies.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy \|url=https://serc.carleton.edu/msu_nanotech/methods/xps.html \|access-date=2025-12-09 \|website=Methods \|language=en}}</ref>

			== Historical names ==
			* [[Biography:Niels Bohr\|Niels Bohr]] introduced quantum jumps between atomic energy levels.
			* [[Biography:Albert Einstein\|Albert Einstein]] developed transition probabilities for absorption and emission processes.
			* James Franck and Gustav Hertz experimentally confirmed discrete atomic excitation energies.

	== History ==		== History ==

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	~~{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/electron configuration\|previous label=Atoms/electron configuration\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/ion\|next label=Atoms/ion}}~~



	{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}		{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}
	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}
			{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/electron configuration\|previous label=Atoms/electron configuration\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/ion\|next label=Atoms/ion}}
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	{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}I		{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}

	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}

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	{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}~~Book II~~		{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}I

	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}

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	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/electron configuration\|previous label=Atoms/electron configuration\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/ion\|next label=Atoms/ion}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/electron configuration\|previous label=Atoms/electron configuration\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/ion\|next label=Atoms/ion}}



	{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}		{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}Book II

	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}

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	{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/electron configuration\|previous label=Atoms/electron configuration\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/ion\|next label=Atoms/ion}}		{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum atoms/electron configuration\|previous label=Atoms/electron configuration\|next=Physics:Quantum atoms/ion\|next label=Atoms/ion}}



	{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}		{{Short description\|Change of an electron between energy levels in an atom}}Book II

	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Atoms}}