Physics:Quantum magnetic confinement - Revision history

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	'''Quantum magnetic confinement''' is the use of strong magnetic fields to confine a hot plasma long enough for [[Physics:Quantum Fusion\|fusion]] reactions to occur. In fusion research, the fuel is usually a mixture of [[Physics:Quantum atoms/deuterium\|deuterium]] and ~~[[Physics:Quantum atoms/~~tritium~~\|tritium]]~~, whose nuclei can fuse to form helium, a neutron, and released kinetic energy.		'''Quantum magnetic confinement''' is the use of strong magnetic fields to confine a hot plasma long enough for [[Physics:Quantum Fusion\|fusion]] reactions to occur. In fusion research, the fuel is usually a mixture of [[Physics:Quantum atoms/deuterium\|deuterium]] and tritium, whose nuclei can fuse to form helium, a neutron, and released kinetic energy.

	At fusion temperatures the fuel is fully ionized, so its particles are electrically charged. This allows magnetic fields to influence their motion. Instead of trying to hold the plasma in an ordinary vessel, magnetic confinement uses the curved motion of charged particles around field lines to reduce contact with the wall.		At fusion temperatures the fuel is fully ionized, so its particles are electrically charged. This allows magnetic fields to influence their motion. Instead of trying to hold the plasma in an ordinary vessel, magnetic confinement uses the curved motion of charged particles around field lines to reduce contact with the wall.

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	'''Quantum magnetic confinement''' is the use of strong ~~[[Physics:Magnetic field\|~~magnetic fields]] to confine a hot ~~[[Physics:Plasma\|~~plasma]] long enough for [[Physics:Quantum Fusion\|fusion]] reactions to occur. In fusion research, the fuel is usually a mixture of [[Physics:Quantum atoms/deuterium\|deuterium]] and [[Physics:Quantum atoms/tritium\|tritium]], whose nuclei can fuse to form helium, a neutron, and released kinetic energy.		'''Quantum magnetic confinement''' is the use of strong magnetic fields to confine a hot plasma long enough for [[Physics:Quantum Fusion\|fusion]] reactions to occur. In fusion research, the fuel is usually a mixture of [[Physics:Quantum atoms/deuterium\|deuterium]] and [[Physics:Quantum atoms/tritium\|tritium]], whose nuclei can fuse to form helium, a neutron, and released kinetic energy.

	At fusion temperatures the fuel is fully ionized, so its particles are electrically charged. This allows magnetic fields to influence their motion. Instead of trying to hold the plasma in an ordinary vessel, magnetic confinement uses the curved motion of charged particles around field lines to reduce contact with the wall.		At fusion temperatures the fuel is fully ionized, so its particles are electrically charged. This allows magnetic fields to influence their motion. Instead of trying to hold the plasma in an ordinary vessel, magnetic confinement uses the curved motion of charged particles around field lines to reduce contact with the wall.
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	[[Physics:Quantum Tokamak\|Tokamaks]] became the dominant magnetic-confinement concept after Soviet experiments reported high plasma temperatures and improved confinement. The T-3 tokamak results were confirmed by Thomson scattering measurements in 1969.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Peacock \|first1=N. J. \|last2=Robinson \|first2=D. C. \|last3=Forrest \|first3=M. J. \|last4=Wilcock \|first4=P. D. \|last5=Sannikov \|first5=V. V. \|date=1969 \|title=Measurement of the Electron Temperature by Thomson Scattering in Tokamak T3 \|journal=Nature \|volume=224 \|issue=5218 \|pages=488–490 \|doi=10.1038/224488a0 \|bibcode=1969Natur.224..488P}}</ref>		[[Physics:Quantum Tokamak\|Tokamaks]] became the dominant magnetic-confinement concept after Soviet experiments reported high plasma temperatures and improved confinement. The T-3 tokamak results were confirmed by Thomson scattering measurements in 1969.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Peacock \|first1=N. J. \|last2=Robinson \|first2=D. C. \|last3=Forrest \|first3=M. J. \|last4=Wilcock \|first4=P. D. \|last5=Sannikov \|first5=V. V. \|date=1969 \|title=Measurement of the Electron Temperature by Thomson Scattering in Tokamak T3 \|journal=Nature \|volume=224 \|issue=5218 \|pages=488–490 \|doi=10.1038/224488a0 \|bibcode=1969Natur.224..488P}}</ref>

	Large tokamak experiments include ~~[[Joint European Torus\|~~JET]], TFTR, JT-60, EAST, DIII-D, and ITER. JET achieved 16 MW of fusion power in 1997 and later produced 59 MJ of fusion energy in a 5-second pulse in 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gibney \|first=Elizabeth \|date=2022 \|title=Nuclear-fusion reactor smashes energy record \|journal=Nature \|volume=602 \|issue=7897 \|page=371 \|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00391-1 \|pmid=35140372}}</ref>		Large tokamak experiments include JET, TFTR, JT-60, EAST, DIII-D, and ITER. JET achieved 16 MW of fusion power in 1997 and later produced 59 MJ of fusion energy in a 5-second pulse in 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gibney \|first=Elizabeth \|date=2022 \|title=Nuclear-fusion reactor smashes energy record \|journal=Nature \|volume=602 \|issue=7897 \|page=371 \|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00391-1 \|pmid=35140372}}</ref>

	[[Physics:Quantum Stellarator\|Stellarators]] use externally shaped magnetic coils to create twisted magnetic fields. Their main advantage is the possibility of steady-state operation with reduced risk of current-driven plasma disruptions. The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator in Germany is a major modern example of this approach.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Pedersen \|first1=T. Sunn \|last2=Otte \|first2=M. \|last3=Lazerson \|first3=S. \|last4=Helander \|first4=P. \|last5=Bozhenkov \|first5=S. \|date=2016 \|title=Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000 \|journal=Nature Communications \|volume=7 \|article-number=13493 \|doi=10.1038/ncomms13493 \|pmid=27901043 \|pmc=5141350}}</ref>		[[Physics:Quantum Stellarator\|Stellarators]] use externally shaped magnetic coils to create twisted magnetic fields. Their main advantage is the possibility of steady-state operation with reduced risk of current-driven plasma disruptions. The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator in Germany is a major modern example of this approach.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Pedersen \|first1=T. Sunn \|last2=Otte \|first2=M. \|last3=Lazerson \|first3=S. \|last4=Helander \|first4=P. \|last5=Bozhenkov \|first5=S. \|date=2016 \|title=Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000 \|journal=Nature Communications \|volume=7 \|article-number=13493 \|doi=10.1038/ncomms13493 \|pmid=27901043 \|pmc=5141350}}</ref>

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	The basic requirement is that the plasma remain hot, dense, and confined for a sufficient time. This is summarized by the [[Physics:Quantum Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion\|Lawson criterion]], often expressed through the fusion triple product. Because the plasma temperature may reach hundreds of millions of kelvin, direct material containment is impossible.		The basic requirement is that the plasma remain hot, dense, and confined for a sufficient time. This is summarized by the [[Physics:Quantum Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion\|Lawson criterion]], often expressed through the fusion triple product. Because the plasma temperature may reach hundreds of millions of kelvin, direct material containment is impossible.
	~~<div style="float:right; border:1px solid #e0d890; background:#fff8cc; padding:6px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:420px;">~~
	~~<div style="font-size:90%;">Magnetic confinement keeps hot plasma away from material walls by guiding charged particles along magnetic field lines.</div>~~
	~~</div>~~
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	[[File:Magnetic Confinement.png\|thumb\|280px\|~~Quantum~~ magnetic ~~confinement~~.]]		[[File:Magnetic Confinement.png\|thumb\|280px\|Magnetic confinement keeps hot plasma away from material walls by guiding charged particles along magnetic field lines.]]
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2026-05-17T22:39:31Z

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