Physics:Quantum molecular structure - Revision history

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	~~{{Quantum article nav\|previous=Physics:Quantum Quark–gluon plasma\|previous label=Quark–gluon plasma\|next=Physics:Quantum chemical bond\|next label=Chemical bond}}~~



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	{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}I		{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}

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	{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}~~Book II~~		{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}I

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	{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}		{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}Book II

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	'''~~Quantum~~ molecular structure''' describes the arrangement of atoms within molecules and the quantum-mechanical principles that determine molecular geometry, chemical bonding, molecular orbitals, and the structural properties of matter at the molecular scale. Molecular structure emerges from the interactions between atomic nuclei and ~~[[Physics:~~Quantum atoms~~/electron\|~~electrons]], governed by the laws of ~~[[Physics:Quantum mechanics\|~~quantum mechanics]] and ~~[[Physics:Quantum chemistry\|~~quantum chemistry]].		'''molecular structure''' is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. Quantum molecular structure describes the arrangement of atoms within molecules and the quantum-mechanical principles that determine molecular geometry, chemical bonding, molecular orbitals, and the structural properties of matter at the molecular scale. Molecular structure emerges from the interactions between atomic nuclei and electrons, governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry. Quantum molecular structure describes the arrangement of atoms within molecules and the quantum-mechanical principles that determine molecular geometry, chemical bonding, molecular orbitals, and the structural properties of matter at the molecular scale. Molecular structure emerges from the interactions between atomic nuclei and electrons, governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry.

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	Molecular structure concerns the spatial arrangement of atoms and the distribution of electrons within molecules. These structures determine many observable physical and chemical properties, including stability, reactivity, optical behavior, electrical properties, and biological function.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Pauling \|first=Linus \|title=The Nature of the Chemical Bond \|publisher=Cornell University Press \|year=1960}}</ref>		Molecular structure concerns the spatial arrangement of atoms and the distribution of electrons within molecules. These structures determine many observable physical and chemical properties, including stability, reactivity, optical behavior, electrical properties, and biological function.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Pauling \|first=Linus \|title=The Nature of the Chemical Bond \|publisher=Cornell University Press \|year=1960}}</ref>

	Quantum mechanics explains molecular structure through the behavior of electrons occupying quantized [[Physics:Quantum atoms/orbital\|molecular orbitals]]. Electrons interact through electromagnetic forces and occupy allowed energy states determined by the [[Schrödinger equation]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Atkins \|first=Peter \|title=Physical Chemistry \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2018}}</ref>		Quantum mechanics explains molecular structure through the behavior of electrons occupying quantized [[Physics:Quantum atoms/orbital\|molecular orbitals]]. Electrons interact through electromagnetic forces and occupy allowed energy states determined by the [[Physics:Quantum Schrödinger equation\|Schrödinger equation]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Atkins \|first=Peter \|title=Physical Chemistry \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2018}}</ref>

	The geometry of molecules is influenced by:		The geometry of molecules is influenced by:
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	== DNA double helix ==		== DNA double helix ==

	One of the most important discoveries in molecular structure was the determination of the [[DNA]] double helix.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Watson JD, Crick FH \|title=Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid \|journal=Nature \|volume=171 \|issue=4356 \|pages=737–738 \|date=April 1953 \|pmid=13054692 \|doi=10.1038/171737a0 \|bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W \|s2cid=4253007 \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/171737a0}}</ref>		One of the most important discoveries in molecular structure was the determination of the DNA double helix.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Watson JD, Crick FH \|title=Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid \|journal=Nature \|volume=171 \|issue=4356 \|pages=737–738 \|date=April 1953 \|pmid=13054692 \|doi=10.1038/171737a0 \|bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W \|s2cid=4253007 \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/171737a0}}</ref>

	The structure was determined using X-ray diffraction experiments together with quantum and chemical models of molecular bonding.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Franklin R, Gosling RG \|title=Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate \|journal=Nature \|date=1953-04-25 \|volume=171 \|issue=4356 \|pages=740–741 \|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf \|pmid=13054694 \|doi=10.1038/171740a0 \|bibcode=1953Natur.171..740F \|s2cid=4268222 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wilkins MH, Stokes AR, Wilson HR \|title=Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids \|journal=Nature \|date=25 April 1953 \|volume=171 \|issue=4356 \|pages=738–740 \|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf \|pmid=13054693 \|doi=10.1038/171738a0 \|bibcode=1953Natur.171..738W \|s2cid=4280080 }}</ref>		The structure was determined using X-ray diffraction experiments together with quantum and chemical models of molecular bonding.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Franklin R, Gosling RG \|title=Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate \|journal=Nature \|date=1953-04-25 \|volume=171 \|issue=4356 \|pages=740–741 \|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf \|pmid=13054694 \|doi=10.1038/171740a0 \|bibcode=1953Natur.171..740F \|s2cid=4268222 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wilkins MH, Stokes AR, Wilson HR \|title=Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids \|journal=Nature \|date=25 April 1953 \|volume=171 \|issue=4356 \|pages=738–740 \|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf \|pmid=13054693 \|doi=10.1038/171738a0 \|bibcode=1953Natur.171..738W \|s2cid=4280080 }}</ref>
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	* quantum chemistry		* quantum chemistry

	Understanding molecular structure made possible the interpretation of the [[genetic code]], protein folding, enzyme function, and many biological processes.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Judson \|first=Horace Freeland \|title=The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology \|publisher=Simon & Schuster \|year=1979 \|isbn=9780671254100}}</ref>		Understanding molecular structure made possible the interpretation of the genetic code, protein folding, enzyme function, and many biological processes.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Judson \|first=Horace Freeland \|title=The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology \|publisher=Simon & Schuster \|year=1979 \|isbn=9780671254100}}</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}		{{Author\|Harold Foppele}}

	{{Sourceattribution\|~~Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids~~: ~~A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid~~\|1}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Physics:Quantum molecular structure\|1}}

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	{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}		{{Short description\|Quantum and structural description of molecular geometry and bonding}}Book II

	{{Quantum matter backlink\|Molecules}}		{{Quantum matter backlink\|Molecules}}