Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|valence electron in quantum matter}}
{{Short description|valence electron in quantum matter}}
{{Quantum matter backlink|Atoms}}
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A '''valence electron''' is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions. Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.
'''valence electron''' is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. A '''valence electron''' is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrucci |first=Ralph H. |last2=Harwood |first2=William S. |last3=Herring |first3=F. Geoffrey |title=General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2002 |page=339 |isbn=978-0-13-014329-7}}</ref> Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keeler |first=James |last2=Wothers |first2=Peter |title=Chemical Structure and Reactivity |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |pages=257-260 |isbn=978-0-19-9604135}}</ref> Valence electrons are important because they determine bonding, ionization, optical transitions, and much of the periodic table's chemical behavior. In quantum mechanics they occupy orbitals with specific energies, angular momenta, and spin states. Their wavefunctions overlap between atoms to form molecular orbitals, bands in solids, and the electronic structure behind materials.
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[[File:Quantum_atoms_valence_electron_concept_map.svg|thumb|280px|valence electron in the Quantum Collection.]]
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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron|1}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron|1}}
* {{Cite web |title=Valence electron |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/valence-electron |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite book |last=Atkins |first=Peter |last2=de Paula |first2=Julio |title=Physical Chemistry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969740-3}}

Latest revision as of 23:33, 23 May 2026

← Back to Atoms Book II

valence electron is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. A valence electron is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions.[1] Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.[2] Valence electrons are important because they determine bonding, ionization, optical transitions, and much of the periodic table's chemical behavior. In quantum mechanics they occupy orbitals with specific energies, angular momenta, and spin states. Their wavefunctions overlap between atoms to form molecular orbitals, bands in solids, and the electronic structure behind materials.

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valence electron in the Quantum Collection.

See also

Table of contents (84 articles)

Index

Full contents

References

  1. ↑ Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-13-014329-7. 
  2. ↑ Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 257-260. ISBN 978-0-19-9604135. 


Author: Harold Foppele


Source attribution: Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron

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