Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron: Difference between revisions

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A '''valence electron''' is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrucci |first=Ralph H. |last2=Harwood |first2=William S. |last3=Herring |first3=F. Geoffrey |title=General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2002 |page=339 |isbn=978-0-13-014329-7}}</ref> Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keeler |first=James |last2=Wothers |first2=Peter |title=Chemical Structure and Reactivity |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |pages=257-260 |isbn=978-0-19-9604135}}</ref>
'''valence electron''' is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. A '''valence electron''' is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrucci |first=Ralph H. |last2=Harwood |first2=William S. |last3=Herring |first3=F. Geoffrey |title=General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications |edition=8th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2002 |page=339 |isbn=978-0-13-014329-7}}</ref> Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keeler |first=James |last2=Wothers |first2=Peter |title=Chemical Structure and Reactivity |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |pages=257-260 |isbn=978-0-19-9604135}}</ref> Valence electrons are important because they determine bonding, ionization, optical transitions, and much of the periodic table's chemical behavior. In quantum mechanics they occupy orbitals with specific energies, angular momenta, and spin states. Their wavefunctions overlap between atoms to form molecular orbitals, bands in solids, and the electronic structure behind materials.
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[[File:Quantum_atoms_valence_electron_concept_map.svg|thumb|280px|valence electron in the Quantum Collection.]]
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Latest revision as of 23:33, 23 May 2026

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valence electron is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. A valence electron is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions.[1] Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.[2] Valence electrons are important because they determine bonding, ionization, optical transitions, and much of the periodic table's chemical behavior. In quantum mechanics they occupy orbitals with specific energies, angular momenta, and spin states. Their wavefunctions overlap between atoms to form molecular orbitals, bands in solids, and the electronic structure behind materials.

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valence electron in the Quantum Collection.

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References

  1. ↑ Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-13-014329-7. 
  2. ↑ Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 257-260. ISBN 978-0-19-9604135. 


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