Physics:Quantum Bose–Einstein statistics: Difference between revisions
From HandWiki Test
Create Bose-Einstein statistics page |
WikiHarold (talk | contribs) Expand short Quantum intro |
||
| (7 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Quantum statistics for bosons}} | {{Short description|Quantum statistics for bosons}} | ||
{{Quantum matter backlink|Atoms}} | {{Quantum matter backlink|Atoms}} | ||
{{Quantum article nav|previous=Physics:Quantum Fermi–Dirac statistics|previous label=Fermi-Dirac statistics|next=Physics:Quantum | {{Quantum article nav|previous=Physics:Quantum Fermi–Dirac statistics|previous label=Fermi-Dirac statistics|next=Physics:Quantum boson|next label=Boson}} | ||
<div style="display:flex; gap:24px; align-items:flex-start; max-width:1200px;"> | |||
'''Bose–Einstein statistics''' describe the occupation of quantum states by identical [[Physics:Quantum boson|bosons]]. They apply to particles with integer spin, including [[Physics:Quantum photon|photons]], gluons, phonons, and many composite particles. | <div style="width:280px;"> | ||
__TOC__ | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="flex:1; line-height:1.45; color:#006b45; column-count:2; column-gap:32px; column-rule:1px solid #b8d8c8;"> | |||
'''Bose–Einstein statistics''' is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. '''Bose–Einstein statistics''' describe the occupation of quantum states by identical [[Physics:Quantum boson|bosons]]. They apply to particles with integer spin, including [[Physics:Quantum photon|photons]], gluons, phonons, and many composite particles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Annett |first=James F. |title=Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-850755-0}}</ref> Bose-Einstein statistics allow many identical bosons to occupy the same quantum state, which makes collective quantum behavior possible. They explain blackbody radiation, photon bunching, superfluidity, and Bose-Einstein condensation. The statistics arise from symmetric many-particle wavefunctions and contrast sharply with the exclusion behavior of fermions. | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="width:300px;"> | |||
[[File:Quantum_Bose_Einstein_statistics_educational_yellow.png|thumb|280px|Bose-Einstein statistics allow many bosons to occupy the same quantum state.]] | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| Line 15: | Line 27: | ||
== Physical meaning == | == Physical meaning == | ||
Bose-Einstein statistics explain blackbody radiation, collective excitations such as phonons, and the possibility of macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. At low temperature, some bosonic systems can form a | Bose-Einstein statistics explain blackbody radiation, collective excitations such as phonons, and the possibility of macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. At low temperature, some bosonic systems can form a Bose-Einstein condensate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziff |first=R. M. |last2=Kac |first2=M. |last3=Uhlenbeck |first3=G. E. |title=The ideal Bose-Einstein gas, revisited |journal=Physics Reports |year=1977 |volume=32 |pages=169-248}}</ref> | ||
== Historical names == | == Historical names == | ||
| Line 21: | Line 33: | ||
* [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]] extended Bose's idea to material particles. | * [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]] extended Bose's idea to material particles. | ||
== | == See also == | ||
{{#invoke:PhysicsQC|tocHeadingAndList|Physics:Quantum basics/See also/Matter}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|3}} | {{reflist|3}} | ||
{{Author|Harold Foppele}} | {{Author|Harold Foppele}} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:58, 23 May 2026
Bose–Einstein statistics is a Book II topic in the Quantum Collection. Bose–Einstein statistics describe the occupation of quantum states by identical bosons. They apply to particles with integer spin, including photons, gluons, phonons, and many composite particles.[1] Bose-Einstein statistics allow many identical bosons to occupy the same quantum state, which makes collective quantum behavior possible. They explain blackbody radiation, photon bunching, superfluidity, and Bose-Einstein condensation. The statistics arise from symmetric many-particle wavefunctions and contrast sharply with the exclusion behavior of fermions.
Description
Unlike fermions, bosons are not restricted by the Pauli exclusion principle. Many identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state. For a system in thermal equilibrium, the average occupation of a state with energy is
where is the chemical potential, is the Boltzmann constant, and is temperature.
Physical meaning
Bose-Einstein statistics explain blackbody radiation, collective excitations such as phonons, and the possibility of macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. At low temperature, some bosonic systems can form a Bose-Einstein condensate.[2]
Historical names
- Satyendra Nath Bose derived the counting rule for photons.
- Albert Einstein extended Bose's idea to material particles.
See also
Table of contents (84 articles)
Index
Composite matter
Sub-molecular
Full contents
1. Materials (6) Back to index
2. Matter (5) Back to index
3. Plasma and fusion physics (6) Back to index
4. Molecules (6) Back to index
5. Nuclear matter (6) Back to index
6. Atoms (7) Back to index
7. Particles (12) Back to index
8. Composite particles (12) Back to index
9. Fields (12) Back to index
10. Vacuum and spacetime (12) Back to index
References
- ↑ Annett, James F. (2004). Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850755-0.
- ↑ Ziff, R. M.; Kac, M.; Uhlenbeck, G. E. (1977). "The ideal Bose-Einstein gas, revisited". Physics Reports 32: 169-248.
Author: Harold Foppele
