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| {{Short description|Quantum particle or excitation with integer spin}} | | {{Short description|Integer-spin quantum particle obeying Bose-Einstein statistics}} |
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| {{Quantum matter backlink|Particles}} | | {{Quantum matter backlink|Particles}} |
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| A '''quantum boson''' is a [[Physics:Quantum particle|quantum particle]] or quasiparticle excitation with integer spin. Bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics, which means that many identical bosons may occupy the same quantum state. This property distinguishes bosons from [[Physics:Quantum fermion|fermions]], which obey the Pauli exclusion principle and cannot all occupy the same one-particle state.<ref name="griffiths">{{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=David J. |title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics |edition=2nd |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-13-111892-8}}</ref><ref name="sakurai">{{Cite book |last1=Sakurai |first1=J. J. |last2=Napolitano |first2=Jim |title=Modern Quantum Mechanics |edition=2nd |publisher=Addison-Wesley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8053-8291-4}}</ref> | | A '''quantum boson''' is a particle or excitation with integer spin that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. Identical bosons can share the same quantum state, allowing coherent fields, laser light, superfluidity, Bose-Einstein condensation, and force-carrying quantum fields.<ref name="bose1924">{{cite journal |last=Bose |first=S. N. |title=Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese |journal=|year=1924 |volume=26 |pages=178-181 |doi=10.1007/BF01327326}}</ref><ref name="pdg">{{cite journal |author=Particle Data Group |title=Review of Particle Physics |journal=Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics |year=2022 |volume=2022 |issue=8 |pages=083C01 |doi=10.1093/ptep/ptac097}}</ref> |
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| Bosons are central to the quantum description of matter, radiation, and fields. Elementary bosons include force-carrying particles such as the [[Physics:Quantum photon|photon]], [[Physics:Quantum gluon|gluon]], and the [[Physics:Quantum W and Z bosons|W and Z bosons]], as well as the [[Physics:Quantum Higgs boson|Higgs boson]]. Composite systems, such as certain nuclei, atoms, and mesons, can also behave as bosons when their total spin is an integer.<ref name="pdg">{{Cite book |author=Particle Data Group |title=Review of Particle Physics |journal=Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics |year=2022 |volume=2022 |issue=8 |pages=083C01 |doi=10.1093/ptep/ptac097}}</ref>
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| | | == Statistics and shared states == |
| == Bose–Einstein statistics == | | Bosonic many-particle states are symmetric under exchange. This makes occupation of the same state statistically favored rather than forbidden. The property is essential for macroscopic quantum coherence and for the field description of radiation and collective excitations. |
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| The defining quantum property of a boson is its symmetric many-particle wavefunction. If two identical bosons are exchanged, the total quantum state remains unchanged. This exchange symmetry permits multiple bosons to occupy the same state, which is the basis for collective phenomena such as Bose–Einstein condensation, laser coherence, superconductivity models, and superfluidity.<ref name="pathria">{{Cite book |last1=Pathria |first1=R. K. |last2=Beale |first2=Paul D. |title=Statistical Mechanics |edition=3rd |publisher=Academic Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-12-382188-1}}</ref>
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| This behavior contrasts with fermions, whose many-particle wavefunction changes sign under exchange. The difference between bosons and fermions is formalized by the [[Physics:Quantum spin-statistics theorem|spin–statistics theorem]], which connects integer spin with Bose–Einstein statistics and half-integer spin with Fermi–Dirac statistics.<ref name="weinberg">{{Cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Steven |title=The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume I: Foundations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-55001-7}}</ref>
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| == Elementary bosons == | | == Elementary bosons == |
| | | The Standard Model contains spin-1 gauge bosons and the spin-0 Higgs boson. The photon mediates electromagnetism, gluons mediate the strong interaction, W and Z bosons mediate the weak interaction, and the Higgs boson is associated with the Higgs field.<ref name="schwartz">{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Matthew D. |title=Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-03473-0}}</ref> |
| In [[Physics:Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]], elementary bosons are field quanta associated with integer-spin fields. Gauge bosons mediate interactions between particles. The photon is the quantum of the electromagnetic field, gluons mediate the strong interaction, and the W and Z bosons mediate the weak interaction. The Higgs boson is associated with the Higgs field and was observed experimentally in 2012.<ref name="higgs-atlas">{{Cite journal |author=ATLAS Collaboration |title=Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=716 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020}}</ref><ref name="higgs-cms">{{Cite journal |author=CMS Collaboration |title=Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=716 |issue=1 |pages=30–61 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021}}</ref>
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| Bosons therefore appear not only as particles of matter-like systems, but also as quanta of interaction fields. This makes them important in the connection between quantum matter, particle physics, and the field description of forces.
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| == Composite bosons == | | == Composite bosons == |
| | Composite particles can behave as bosons when their total spin is integer. Mesons, certain nuclei, paired electrons in superconductors, and atoms with integer total spin can all show bosonic behavior under suitable conditions. |
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| A composite particle can behave as a boson when its total spin is an integer. Examples include mesons, which are made from a quark and an antiquark, and atoms such as helium-4, whose total spin is zero. Composite bosons can show collective behavior when cooled to very low temperatures, where many particles enter the same macroscopic quantum state.<ref name="leggett">{{Cite book |last=Leggett |first=Anthony J. |title=Quantum Liquids: Bose Condensation and Cooper Pairing in Condensed-Matter Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-852643-8}}</ref>
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| Composite bosons are especially important in quantum matter because they connect microscopic quantum rules with large-scale phenomena. Cooper pairs in superconductors, excitons in semiconductors, and ultracold atomic gases are examples where bosonic behavior emerges from more elementary constituents.
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| == Role in quantum matter ==
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| Bosons are important in the study of quantum matter because their ability to share a state allows many-particle systems to act coherently. This coherence can produce macroscopic quantum effects, including superfluid flow, phase coherence, quantized vortices, and collective excitations in solids and fluids.
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| In condensed-matter and many-body physics, bosons may appear as real particles, bound states, or quasiparticles. Phonons, magnons, and other collective excitations are often treated as bosonic modes. These modes help describe the thermal, optical, magnetic, and transport properties of quantum materials.
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| == Vacuum and fields ==
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| In field theory, bosons are also linked to the structure of the quantum vacuum. Fields can have vacuum fluctuations, zero-point modes, and collective ground states. Bosonic fields are therefore used to describe radiation, force carriers, symmetry breaking, and field excitations above the vacuum state.
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| The Higgs field is a notable example: its nonzero vacuum expectation value is part of the mechanism by which elementary particles acquire mass in the Standard Model.<ref name="pdg" /> In this sense, bosons connect the particle picture of quantum physics with the field and vacuum picture used in modern high-energy theory.
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| =See also= | | =See also= |
A quantum boson is a particle or excitation with integer spin that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. Identical bosons can share the same quantum state, allowing coherent fields, laser light, superfluidity, Bose-Einstein condensation, and force-carrying quantum fields.[1][2]
Statistics and shared states
Bosonic many-particle states are symmetric under exchange. This makes occupation of the same state statistically favored rather than forbidden. The property is essential for macroscopic quantum coherence and for the field description of radiation and collective excitations.
Elementary bosons
The Standard Model contains spin-1 gauge bosons and the spin-0 Higgs boson. The photon mediates electromagnetism, gluons mediate the strong interaction, W and Z bosons mediate the weak interaction, and the Higgs boson is associated with the Higgs field.[3]
Composite bosons
Composite particles can behave as bosons when their total spin is integer. Mesons, certain nuclei, paired electrons in superconductors, and atoms with integer total spin can all show bosonic behavior under suitable conditions.
See also
Table of contents (84 articles)
Index
Full contents
References
Author: Harold Foppele
Source attribution: Boson
