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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron|1}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron|1}}
* {{Cite web |title=Valence electron |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/valence-electron |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-05-23}}
* {{Cite book |last=Atkins |first=Peter |last2=de Paula |first2=Julio |title=Physical Chemistry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969740-3}}

Revision as of 21:53, 23 May 2026



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A valence electron is an outer electron that can participate in bonding, conduction, or optical transitions. Its quantum state strongly influences the chemical and material behavior of atoms.

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Author: Harold Foppele


Source attribution: Physics:Quantum atoms/valence electron

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