Physics:Quantum Bose–Einstein statistics: Difference between revisions

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== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Physics:Quantum boson]]
{{#invoke:PhysicsQC|tocHeadingAndList|Physics:Quantum basics/See also/Matter}}
* [[Physics:Quantum photon]]
* [[Physics:Quantum Fermi–Dirac statistics]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 21:57, 23 May 2026

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Bose–Einstein statistics describe the occupation of quantum states by identical bosons. They apply to particles with integer spin, including photons, gluons, phonons, and many composite particles.

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Bose-Einstein statistics allow many bosons to occupy the same quantum state.

Description

Unlike fermions, bosons are not restricted by the Pauli exclusion principle. Many identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state. For a system in thermal equilibrium, the average occupation of a state with energy E is

n(E)=1exp⁡((E−μ)/kBT)−1

where μ is the chemical potential, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is temperature.

Physical meaning

Bose-Einstein statistics explain blackbody radiation, collective excitations such as phonons, and the possibility of macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. At low temperature, some bosonic systems can form a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Historical names

See also

Table of contents (84 articles)

Index

Full contents

References


Author: Harold Foppele


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