Physics:Quantum atoms/isotopes of hydrogen: Difference between revisions
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'''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons. The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T). | '''Hydrogen isotopes''' are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kondev |first=F. G. |last2=Wang |first2=M. |last3=Huang |first3=W. J. |last4=Naimi |first4=S. |last5=Audi |first5=G. |title=The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties |journal=Chinese Physics C |year=2021 |volume=45 |issue=3 |page=030001 |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/abddae}}</ref> The three named isotopes are '''protium''' (<math>^1\mathrm{H}</math>), '''deuterium''' (<math>^2\mathrm{H}</math> or D), and '''tritium''' (<math>^3\mathrm{H}</math> or T). | ||
Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems. | Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems. | ||
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== Quantum effects == | == Quantum effects == | ||
Different hydrogen isotopes have slightly different atomic energy levels because the nuclear mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system. These isotope shifts are measured in high-precision spectroscopy. | Different hydrogen isotopes have slightly different atomic energy levels because the nuclear mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system. These isotope shifts are measured in high-precision spectroscopy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prohaska |first=Thomas |last2=Irrgeher |first2=Johanna |last3=Benefield |first3=Jacqueline |last4=Böhlke |first4=John K. |last5=Chesson |first5=Lesley A. |title=Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |year=2022 |doi=10.1515/pac-2019-0603}}</ref> | ||
The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts. | The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts. | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|3}} | {{reflist|3}} | ||
{{Author|Harold Foppele}} | {{Author|Harold Foppele}} | ||
Revision as of 22:15, 23 May 2026
Hydrogen isotopes are atoms with one proton in the nucleus and different numbers of neutrons.[1] The three named isotopes are protium (), deuterium ( or D), and tritium ( or T).
Hydrogen isotopes are important in atomic physics because the nucleus affects the reduced mass, hyperfine structure, isotope shifts, and precision spectroscopy of hydrogen-like systems.
Main isotopes
| Isotope | Symbol | Nucleus | Stability | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protium | one proton | stable | Most common hydrogen isotope; no neutron. | |
| Deuterium | or D | one proton and one neutron | stable | Used in heavy water, isotope labeling, and precision spectroscopy. |
| Tritium | or T | one proton and two neutrons | radioactive | Beta emitter with a half-life of about 12.3 years; used in tracing and fusion research. |
Quantum effects
Different hydrogen isotopes have slightly different atomic energy levels because the nuclear mass changes the reduced mass of the electron-nucleus system. These isotope shifts are measured in high-precision spectroscopy.[2]
The nuclear spin also affects hyperfine splitting. Ordinary hydrogen and deuterium have different nuclear spin values, so their hyperfine spectra differ. Tritium is radioactive, but it is still useful in nuclear and atomic physics contexts.
See also
Table of contents (84 articles)
Index
Composite matter
Sub-molecular
Full contents
1. Materials (6) Back to index
2. Matter (5) Back to index
3. Plasma and fusion physics (6) Back to index
4. Molecules (6) Back to index
5. Nuclear matter (6) Back to index
6. Atoms (7) Back to index
7. Particles (12) Back to index
8. Composite particles (12) Back to index
9. Fields (12) Back to index
10. Vacuum and spacetime (12) Back to index
References
- ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties". Chinese Physics C 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A. (2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.
Author: Harold Foppele
