Physics:Quantum Bose–Einstein statistics

From HandWiki Test
Revision as of 22:03, 23 May 2026 by WikiHarold (talk | contribs) (Replace Quantum references with Wikipedia-sourced references)
← Back to Atoms Book II
← Previous : Fermi-Dirac statistics
Next : Boson →

Bose–Einstein statistics describe the occupation of quantum states by identical bosons. They apply to particles with integer spin, including photons, gluons, phonons, and many composite particles.

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Bose-Einstein statistics allow many bosons to occupy the same quantum state.

Description

Unlike fermions, bosons are not restricted by the Pauli exclusion principle. Many identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state. For a system in thermal equilibrium, the average occupation of a state with energy E is

n(E)=1exp⁡((E−μ)/kBT)−1

where μ is the chemical potential, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is temperature.

Physical meaning

Bose-Einstein statistics explain blackbody radiation, collective excitations such as phonons, and the possibility of macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. At low temperature, some bosonic systems can form a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Historical names

See also

Table of contents (84 articles)

Index

Full contents

References

  • Annett, James F. (2004). Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850755-0. 
  • McQuarrie, Donald A. (2000). Statistical Mechanics (1st ed.). Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. ISBN 1-891389-15-7. 
  • Ziff, R. M.; Kac, M.; Uhlenbeck, G. E. (1977). "The ideal Bose-Einstein gas, revisited". Physics Reports 32: 169-248. 


Author: Harold Foppele


Retrieved from "https://handwiki.scholarlywiki.org/index.php?title=Physics:Quantum_Bose–Einstein_statistics&oldid=9526"