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{{Short description|Criterion for ignition in nuclear fusion plasmas}}
{{Short description|Criterion for ignition in nuclear fusion plasmas}}
{{Quantum book backlink|Plasma and fusion physics}}
{{Quantum book backlink|Plasma and fusion physics}}
'''The Lawson criterion''' is a fundamental condition in [[Physics:Quantum Fusion|nuclear fusion]] physics that determines when a plasma can produce net energy.<ref name="Lawson1955">{{cite tech report |last=Lawson |first=J. D. |title=Some criteria for a useful thermonuclear reactor |date=1955 |institution=Atomic Energy Research Establishment}}</ref><ref name="Lawson1957">{{Cite journal |last=Lawson |first=J. D. |title=Some Criteria for a Power Producing Thermonuclear Reactor |journal=Proceedings of the Physical Society |volume=70 |pages=6–10 |year=1957 |doi=10.1088/0370-1301/70/1/303}}</ref>
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It compares the rate of energy generated by fusion reactions to the rate of energy losses from the plasma. When fusion heating exceeds losses, the plasma can reach ignition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abu-Shawareb |first1=H. |title=Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=129 |year=2022 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001}}</ref>
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In modern form, the Lawson criterion is expressed through the '''triple product''':
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'''Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion''' the Lawson criterion is a fundamental condition in nuclear fusion physics that determines when a plasma can produce net energy. It compares the rate of energy generated by fusion reactions to the rate of energy losses from the plasma. When fusion heating exceeds losses, the plasma can reach ignition. Lawson criterion for various fusion approaches, showing the required triple product for ignition. Fusion reactions depend on quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb barrier. The probability that two nuclei fuse is governed by the fusion cross section and its Maxwellian average: This quantum-mechanical tunnelling probability ultimately determines the fusion reactivity and therefore sets the conditions required by the Lawson criterion.
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<math>n T \tau_E</math>
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[[File:Fustion triple-product diagram Horvath.jpg|thumb|280px|Quantum Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion.]]
where <math>n</math> is particle density, <math>T</math> temperature, and <math>\tau_E</math> the energy confinement time.
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[[File:Fustion triple-product diagram Horvath.jpg|400px]]
<div style="font-size:90%;">Lawson criterion for various fusion approaches, showing the required triple product for ignition.</div>
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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Author|Harold Foppele}}


{{Sourceattribution|Lawson criterion|1}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion|1}}

Latest revision as of 11:34, 22 May 2026

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Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion the Lawson criterion is a fundamental condition in nuclear fusion physics that determines when a plasma can produce net energy. It compares the rate of energy generated by fusion reactions to the rate of energy losses from the plasma. When fusion heating exceeds losses, the plasma can reach ignition. Lawson criterion for various fusion approaches, showing the required triple product for ignition. Fusion reactions depend on quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb barrier. The probability that two nuclei fuse is governed by the fusion cross section and its Maxwellian average: This quantum-mechanical tunnelling probability ultimately determines the fusion reactivity and therefore sets the conditions required by the Lawson criterion.

Quantum Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion.

Quantum basis of fusion reactions

Fusion reactions depend on quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb barrier. The probability that two nuclei fuse is governed by the fusion cross section and its Maxwellian average:

f=n1n2⟨σv⟩

The quantity ⟨σv⟩ depends strongly on temperature and is determined by the interplay between the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and the quantum tunnelling probability, producing the so-called Gamow peak.[1][2]

This quantum-mechanical tunnelling probability ultimately determines the fusion reactivity and therefore sets the conditions required by the Lawson criterion.

Energy balance

The Lawson criterion is derived from plasma energy balance:

Net power = Fusion − Radiation loss − Conduction loss

Fusion power density:

Pfusion=n1n2⟨σv⟩Efusion

Radiative losses (bremsstrahlung) scale as:

PB=1.4⋅10−34N2T1/2

where N is particle density.

Confinement time and nτ formulation

The energy confinement time is defined as:

τE=WPloss

with plasma energy density:

W=3nT

Using these relations gives the Lawson condition:

nτE≥12TEch⟨σv⟩

For the deuterium–tritium reaction:

nτE≳1.5×1020m−3s

at temperatures near:

T≈25–30keV

Triple product

A more useful figure of merit is the triple product:

nTτE

For D–T fusion:

nTτE≳3×1021keVsm−3

Magnetic vs inertial confinement

The Lawson criterion applies to both:

Magnetic confinement

Inertial confinement

  • high density, short confinement

In inertial systems:

ρR≳1g/cm2

Non-thermal systems

The Lawson criterion assumes thermal equilibrium. Non-thermal systems such as fusors or Polywell devices accelerate particles directly.

In such systems, energy losses remain the primary limitation.

Physical interpretation

The Lawson criterion combines three essential requirements:

  • Density → collision frequency
  • Temperature → tunnelling probability
  • Confinement time → interaction duration

Only when all three are sufficiently large does fusion become self-sustaining.

See also

Table of contents (217 articles)

Index

Full contents

References

  1. ↑ Bethe, H. A.; Critchfield, C. L. (1938). "The Formation of Deuterons by Proton Combination". Physical Review 54: 248–254. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.54.248. 
  2. ↑ Clayton, D. D. (1983). Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. University of Chicago Press. 


Author: Harold Foppele


Source attribution: Physics:Quantum Fusion reactions and Lawson criterion

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