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{{Short description|Quantum Collection topic on Quantum mechanics/Timeline/Quantum information era}}
{{Quantum book backlink|Timeline}}
{{Quantum book backlink|Timeline}}
{{Quantum article nav|previous=Physics:Quantum mechanics/Timeline/Quantum field theory era|previous label=Timeline: Quantum field theory era|next=Physics:Quantum mechanics/Timeline/Quantum technology era|next label=Timeline: Quantum technology era}}
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The '''quantum information era''' marks the modern phase of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], in which information itself is treated as a physical quantity governed by quantum laws. Beginning in the late 20th century, this era combines [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], [[Physics:Quantum information theory|information theory]], and [[Computer science|computer science]] to explore how quantum systems can process, store, and transmit information.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watrous |first=John |title=The Theory of Quantum Information |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
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'''Quantum information era''' describes the modern phase in which information is treated as a physical quantity governed by quantum mechanics. Concepts such as qubits, entanglement, quantum measurement, teleportation, quantum algorithms, and error correction became central research topics.
 
This era connects foundational questions with practical technologies, including quantum communication, quantum cryptography, quantum computing, and quantum networks. In the Quantum Collection timeline, it shows how ideas once used mainly to debate interpretation became tools for building new devices and protocols. It also highlights the shift from interpreting quantum theory to using it as an engineering resource. The page helps connect foundational ideas with algorithms, cryptography, and experimental quantum information science.
 
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[[File:Quantum_circuit_superposition_entanglement_yellow_bg.png|thumb|280px|Quantum circuit illustrating superposition, entanglement, and measurement: Hadamard gates create superposition, CNOT gates generate entanglement, and measurements collapse qubits into classical outcomes.]]
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[[File:Quantum_circuit_superposition_entanglement_yellow_bg.png|300px]]
<div style="font-size:90%;">Quantum circuit illustrating superposition, entanglement, and measurement: Hadamard gates create superposition, CNOT gates generate entanglement, and measurements collapse qubits into classical outcomes.</div>
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The quantum information era emerged from several key breakthroughs:
The quantum information era emerged from several key breakthroughs:


* '''1980s''' – [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]] and [[Biography:David Deutsch|David Deutsch]] propose quantum computation as a physical model
* '''1980s''' – Richard Feynman and David Deutsch propose quantum computation as a physical model
* '''1994''' – [[Biography:Peter Shor|Peter Shor]] introduces a quantum algorithm for factoring integers, threatening classical cryptography<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shor |first=Peter W. |title=Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer |journal=SIAM Review}}</ref>
* '''1994''' – Peter Shor introduces a quantum algorithm for factoring integers, threatening classical cryptography<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shor |first=Peter W. |title=Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer |journal=SIAM Review}}</ref>
* '''1996''' – [[Biography:Lov Grover|Lov Grover]] develops a quantum search algorithm
* '''1996''' – Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm
* '''2000s''' – Experimental advances in [[Physics:Quantum teleportation|quantum teleportation]] and quantum communication
* '''2000s''' – Experimental advances in quantum teleportation and quantum communication
* '''2010s–present''' – Development of scalable quantum processors by companies such as [[IBM]] and [[Google]]
* '''2010s–present''' – Development of scalable quantum processors by companies such as IBM and Google


These developments established quantum information science as a central field of modern physics.
These developments established quantum information science as a central field of modern physics.
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* [[Physics:Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era|quantum computing]] – computation using [[Physics:Quantum Superposition principle|quantum superposition]] and entanglement
* [[Physics:Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era|quantum computing]] – computation using [[Physics:Quantum Superposition principle|quantum superposition]] and entanglement
* [[Physics:Quantum cryptography|quantum cryptography]] – secure communication based on quantum principles
* quantum cryptography – secure communication based on quantum principles
* [[Physics:Quantum teleportation|quantum teleportation]] – transfer of quantum states using entanglement
* quantum teleportation – transfer of quantum states using entanglement
* [[Physics:Quantum error correction|quantum error correction]] – protecting fragile quantum information
* quantum error correction – protecting fragile quantum information


Modern quantum computers can now exceed 100 [[Physics:Quantum Qubit|qubits]], though challenges such as [[Physics:Quantum Decoherence|quantum decoherence]] and error rates remain significant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schlosshauer |first=Maximilian |title=Quantum decoherence |journal=Physics Reports |date=2019}}</ref>
Modern quantum computers can now exceed 100 [[Physics:Quantum Qubit|qubits]], though challenges such as [[Physics:Quantum Decoherence|quantum decoherence]] and error rates remain significant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schlosshauer |first=Maximilian |title=Quantum decoherence |journal=Physics Reports |date=2019}}</ref>
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* New mathematical fields such as quantum complexity theory have emerged
* New mathematical fields such as quantum complexity theory have emerged


The discovery that quantum computers could break classical encryption systems led to the development of [[post-quantum cryptography]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Bernstein |first=Daniel J. |title=Post-quantum Cryptography |date=2025}}</ref>
The discovery that quantum computers could break classical encryption systems led to the development of post-quantum cryptography.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bernstein |first=Daniel J. |title=Post-quantum Cryptography |date=2025}}</ref>


=See also=
=See also=
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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum information science|1}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum mechanics/Timeline/Quantum information era|1}}

Latest revision as of 11:34, 22 May 2026

← Back to Timeline Book I
← Previous : Timeline: Quantum field theory era
Next : Timeline: Quantum technology era →

Quantum information era describes the modern phase in which information is treated as a physical quantity governed by quantum mechanics. Concepts such as qubits, entanglement, quantum measurement, teleportation, quantum algorithms, and error correction became central research topics.

This era connects foundational questions with practical technologies, including quantum communication, quantum cryptography, quantum computing, and quantum networks. In the Quantum Collection timeline, it shows how ideas once used mainly to debate interpretation became tools for building new devices and protocols. It also highlights the shift from interpreting quantum theory to using it as an engineering resource. The page helps connect foundational ideas with algorithms, cryptography, and experimental quantum information science.

Quantum circuit illustrating superposition, entanglement, and measurement: Hadamard gates create superposition, CNOT gates generate entanglement, and measurements collapse qubits into classical outcomes.

Overview

Unlike classical information, which is encoded in bits (0 or 1), quantum information is stored in qubits that can exist in superpositions of states.[1]

A key resource is quantum entanglement, which allows correlations between particles that have no classical analogue.[2]

Historical development

The quantum information era emerged from several key breakthroughs:

  • 1980s – Richard Feynman and David Deutsch propose quantum computation as a physical model
  • 1994 – Peter Shor introduces a quantum algorithm for factoring integers, threatening classical cryptography[3]
  • 1996 – Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm
  • 2000s – Experimental advances in quantum teleportation and quantum communication
  • 2010s–present – Development of scalable quantum processors by companies such as IBM and Google

These developments established quantum information science as a central field of modern physics.

Technology and applications

Quantum information science has led to new technologies:

  • quantum computing – computation using quantum superposition and entanglement
  • quantum cryptography – secure communication based on quantum principles
  • quantum teleportation – transfer of quantum states using entanglement
  • quantum error correction – protecting fragile quantum information

Modern quantum computers can now exceed 100 qubits, though challenges such as quantum decoherence and error rates remain significant.[4]

Scientific impact

The quantum information era reshaped both physics and computer science:

  • Information is now viewed as a physical entity
  • Computational limits are redefined by quantum mechanics
  • New mathematical fields such as quantum complexity theory have emerged

The discovery that quantum computers could break classical encryption systems led to the development of post-quantum cryptography.[5]

See also

Table of contents (217 articles)

Index

Full contents

References

  1. ↑ Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2010). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press. 
  2. ↑ Bub, Jeffrey (2023). "Quantum Entanglement and Information". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 
  3. ↑ Shor, Peter W.. "Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer". SIAM Review. 
  4. ↑ Schlosshauer, Maximilian (2019). "Quantum decoherence". Physics Reports. 
  5. ↑ Bernstein, Daniel J. (2025), Post-quantum Cryptography 


Author: Harold Foppele


Source attribution: Physics:Quantum mechanics/Timeline/Quantum information era

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