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Latest revision as of 11:34, 22 May 2026
Black hole thermodynamics black hole thermodynamics is the study of the thermodynamic properties of black holes, combining concepts from general relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical physics. It establishes deep connections between gravity, entropy, and quantum theory. Black hole thermodynamics is the study of the thermodynamic properties of black holes, combining concepts from general relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical physics. It establishes deep connections between gravity, entropy, and quantum theory. Black holes obey laws analogous to the laws of thermodynamics: Zeroth law — the surface gravity is constant on the event horizon. First law — relates changes in mass, area, and angular momentum: Second law — the horizon area never decreases. Black holes obey laws analogous to the laws of thermodynamics:
Quantum Black hole thermodynamics
Laws of black hole thermodynamics
Black holes obey laws analogous to the laws of thermodynamics:
- Zeroth law — the surface gravity is constant on the event horizon.
- First law — relates changes in mass, area, and angular momentum:
- Second law — the horizon area never decreases.
- Third law — it is impossible to reach zero surface gravity.
These laws suggest that black holes have well-defined thermodynamic properties.
Bekenstein–Hawking entropy
Black holes possess entropy proportional to the area of their event horizon:
This result, discovered by Bekenstein and Hawking, shows that entropy scales with area rather than volume.
This relation suggests a deep connection between gravity and information.
Hawking radiation
Quantum effects near the event horizon cause black holes to emit radiation, known as Hawking radiation.[1]
The temperature of a black hole is given by
This implies that black holes are not completely black but slowly evaporate over time.
Information paradox
The evaporation of black holes leads to the information paradox: if a black hole completely evaporates, it appears that information about the initial state is lost.
This conflicts with the principles of quantum mechanics, which require unitary evolution.
The resolution of this paradox is an active area of research involving:
- holographic principle
- quantum gravity
- black hole complementarity
Physical significance
Black hole thermodynamics:
- connects gravity with quantum theory,
- suggests a fundamental link between geometry and information,
- plays a key role in modern theories such as string theory and holography.
See also
Table of contents (217 articles)
Index
Full contents
References
- ↑ Hawking, Stephen W. (1975). "Particle Creation by Black Holes". Communications in Mathematical Physics 43.
Source attribution: Physics:Quantum Black hole thermodynamics
